Not the best translation but interesting. Thanks to u/kokoniqq for the heads up!
1. Optical display scheme in AR glasses
Augmented reality technology, or AR technology, is to provide users with virtual information through images, videos, 3D models and other technologies while displaying real scenes, so as to achieve the ingenious integration of virtual information and the real world. It is the tipping point of the next information technology. According to authoritative predictions, augmented reality glasses will replace mobile phones as the next generation of collaborative computing platforms. Augmented reality technology represented by augmented reality glasses is currently emerging in various industries, especially in the security and industrial fields. Augmented reality technology embodies unparalleled advantages and greatly improves the way of information interaction. At present, the optical display solutions in the more mature augmented reality technology are mainly divided into prism solutions, birdbath solutions, free-form surface solutions, off-axis holographic lens solutions, and lightguide solutions.
1.1 Prism scheme
The prism scheme takes Google Glass as an example. As shown in Figure 1, the optical display system is mainly composed of a projector and a prism. The projector projects the image, and then the prism reflects the image directly into the human retina, superimposing it with the real image. Since the system is above the human eye, it is necessary to focus the eye to the upper right to see the image information, and this system has a natural contradiction between the field of view and the volume. The Google Glass system has a small field of view, with only a 15-degree field of view, but the optical lens has a thickness of 10mm, and the brightness is not enough, and the image has a large distortion, so the product was withdrawn by the company shortly after entering the market.

Figure 1. Physical image of Google Glass glasses products
1.2 Birdbath solution
The optical design in the Birdbath solution is to project light from the display source onto a 45-degree beam splitter. The beam splitter has reflection and transmission values (T), allowing the light to be partially reflected in the percentage of R, while the rest Transmitted in T value. At the same time, T allows users to see physical objects in the real world and digital images generated by the display at the same time. The light reflected from the beam splitter bounces onto the combiner. The synthesizer is generally a concave mirror that redirects light to the eyes. AR headsets using this optical display solution mainly include Lenovo Mirage AR headsets (Figure 2(a)) and ODG R8 and R9 (Figure 2(b)). Among them, ODG has a 50-degree field of view, and its thickness exceeds 20mm.

Figure 2. (a) Mirage headset device; (b) ODG R9 headset device
1.3 Free-form surface scheme
The free-form surface scheme generally uses a free-form surface mirror with a certain reflection/transmission (T) value. The free-form surface is a complex and unconventional surface shape that is different from a spherical or aspherical surface, which is used to describe the surface shape of the lens. The mathematical expression of is relatively complicated and often does not have rotational symmetry. The light from the display directly hits the concave mirrocombiner and is reflected back into the eyes. The ideal position of the display source is centered and parallel to the mirror surface. Technically speaking, the ideal position is for the display source to cover the user's eyes, so most designs move the display "off-axis" and set it above the forehead. The off-axis display on the concave mirror has distortion, which needs to be corrected on the software/display side. Since free-form surfaces can not only provide more degrees of freedom for the design of optical systems, significantly improve the optical performance of the system, but also bring more flexible structural forms to system design, so it has become a research hotspot in the field of optical design in recent years. Among the most representative companies are Epson of Japan (shown in Figure 3) and the Meta series of Dream Vision Corporation of the United States (shown in Figure 4). Although the AR glasses of Epson of Japan are gambling in terms of color, saturation and image quality, they only have a field of view of 23 degrees and a thickness of 13mm. Although the Meta2 series of AR glasses from American Dreamland Vision has a 90-degree field of view, its thickness exceeds 50mm, and the weight of the optical and mechanical system alone is about 420 grams.

Figure 3. AR glasses developed by Epson in Japan. (a) The actual product; (b) The imaging light path.

Figure 4. AR helmet developed by American Dreamland Vision. (a) The actual product; (b) The imaging light path.
From the above, it can be seen that there is an unavoidable contradiction in the prism scheme, birdbath scheme, and free-form surface scheme, that is, the larger the field of view, the thicker the optical lens and the larger the volume. It is precisely because of this. The irreconcilable contradiction limits its application in smart wear, that is, augmented reality glasses.
1.4 Holographic lens solution
The holographic lens solution uses the unique optical characteristics of the holographic lens. The principle is to record a holographic collimating lens (Hd) and a simple linear grating (Hg) on the same holographic dry plate, and the holographic collimating lens will emit the display source. The beam is collimated into a plane wave and diffracted into the substrate for total internal reflection transmission, while the line grating diffracts the beam into the human eye. This system uses holographic optical elements as coupling elements. It has a compact structure and reduces the difficulty of designing and processing holographic optical elements. At the same time, it reduces the dispersion of the holographic lens. It also has the advantages of large FOV and small size, so it is quickly adopted by people. accept. However, due to the relatively small eye movement range, and the holographic lens has complex aberrations and severe dispersion, the imaging effect of the holographic lens is not ideal. The representative manufacturer currently adopting the holographic lens solution is North. As shown in Figure 5, it is the physical map of North's AR glasses products based on the holographic lens solution and the schematic diagram of the imaging optical path.

Figure 5. AR glasses based on holographic lens solution developed by North Company. (a) The actual product; (b) The imaging light path.
1.5 Optical waveguide solution
The optical waveguide solution has advantages in terms of clarity, viewing angle, volume, etc., so it has become the best optical display solution in augmented reality glasses, and is expected to become the mainstream optical display solution for AR glasses. AR glasses based on waveguide technology are generally composed of three parts: display module, waveguide and coupler. The light emitted by the display module is coupled into the optical waveguide by the in-coupling device, travels forward in the form of total reflection in the waveguide, and when it reaches the out-coupling device, it is coupled out of the optical waveguide and enters the human eye for imaging. Because the optical path is folded by the waveguide, the general system volume is relatively small. According to the principle of the coupler, the optical waveguide technology used in AR glasses based on waveguide technology can be divided into two types: geometric waveguide and diffractive optical waveguide.
The geometric waveguide solution generally includes a sawtooth structure waveguide and a polarized film array mirror waveguide (referred to as a polarized array waveguide). Among them, the mainstream polarized arrayed waveguide uses multiple semi-transparent and semi-reflective film layers that are placed in parallel and have a certain split ratio to achieve image output and exit pupil expansion, thereby having a thin, thin, large field of view and eye movement range. And the advantage of uniform color. The diffractive optical waveguide schemes mainly include surface relief grating waveguide scheme and volume holographic grating waveguide scheme. The embossed grating waveguide solution is manufactured using nano-imprint lithography technology. Although it has the advantages of large field of view and large eye movement range, it will also bring challenges to field of view and color uniformity, and related micro-nano processing technology. It is also a huge challenge, and the production cost is high. The volume holographic grating waveguide solution has advantages in color uniformity (no rainbow effect) and realization of a single-chip full-color waveguide, so it has attracted great interest from AR optical module manufacturers.
Figure 6 is the basic display principle of the waveguide solution. The coupling area is used to couple the light beam of the micro-projector into the waveguide sheet, so that the light beam satisfies the conditions of total reflection propagation in the waveguide sheet, and the coupling area is used for total reflection. The propagating light beam couples out of the waveguide and reaches the human eye. The coupling area can be mirrors, prisms, relief gratings and volume holographic gratings. The decoupling area can be half mirrors, relief gratings and volume holographic gratings arranged in an array. This article will explain in detail the polarization array waveguide scheme in geometric optical waveguide technology and the surface relief grating waveguide scheme and volume holographic grating waveguide scheme in diffractive optical waveguide technology, and the preparation and processing technology of surface relief grating and volume holographic grating At the same time, it further introduces the research and development situation of Goolton Technology in this field.

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of the waveguide solution
2. Polarization array waveguide
2.1 Principle of Polarization Array Waveguide
The waveguide lens of the polarization array waveguide technology usually adopts a plurality of semi-transmissive and semi-reflective coatings placed in parallel and with a certain split ratio to achieve image output and exit pupil expansion. The semi-transparent and semi-reflective coating has angular selectivity. , And the array is arranged. The schematic diagram of its working principle is shown in Figure 7.After the light emitted by the image source is collimated by the eyepiece system, it is coupled into the waveguide by the reflective surface of the waveguide. The light in each field of view propagates in the waveguide according to the total reflection theorem, and the light enters the semi-transparent On the reverse side, part of it reflects out of the waveguide, and the other part of the transmission continues to propagate. Then this part of the advancing light meets another mirror, and the above-mentioned "reflection-transmission" process is repeated until the last mirror in the mirror array reflects all the remaining light out of the waveguide into the human eye. Since the waveguide can have multiple semi-transparent and semi-reverse surfaces, and each semi-transparent and semi-reverse surface forms an exit pupil, the exit pupil can be expanded when the substrate thickness is very thin to achieve a large field of view and large eye movement range. After multiple reflections, the emitted light can be "adjusted" to be more uniform.

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the working principle of the array optical waveguide
The pupil dilation technology of this technology is more complicated in design. Full consideration should be given to stray light, human eye compatibility, and various performance indicators when designing. In addition, uniformity is also an intuitive indicator of the end user experience. How to control the reflection and transmittance of multiple coatings, how to optimize the whole machine, and how to control the coating process can ensure the uniformity of the entire eye movement range. the focus of research. For this reason, Goolton Technology independently developed and designed optical modules based on polarization arrayed waveguide technology, and after repeated attempts to summarize, obtained epoch-making results.
2.2 Goolton Technology-"Seven-fold, dodecahedron" ultra-short-focus AR optical module M3010
Recently, Goolton Technology released a new "seven-fold, dodecahedron" ultra-short-focus AR optical module M3010 (Figure 8), which uses specially selected materials and process combinations to successfully eliminate the inherent noise and streaks of peer products Difficult problems such as perception, ghosting, distortion, dispersion, etc., have broken through the limits of AR display technology at this stage in terms of imaging clarity, maximum brightness, color uniformity, weight, volume, power consumption, light leakage, etc., and all indicators are in In the forefront of the world, it truly integrates all the advantages of optical waveguide modules such as extremely thin, extremely light and extremely high color reproduction, and exerts its performance to the extreme. Figure 9 shows the product specifications of the optical module M3010 based on polarization array waveguide technology recently launched by Goolton Technology.

Figure 8. Goolton Technology-(a) Seven-fold optical path; (b) Product display diagram of optical module M3010 based on polarization arrayed waveguide technology

Figure 9. Goolton Technology-Product Specifications of Optical Module M3010 Based on Polarization Arrayed Waveguide Technology
Goolton Technology’s "seven-fold, dodecahedron" ultra-short-focus optical module M3010 has the following super performance. 1. Small: Based on the anisotropic characteristics of the crystal material, the multiplexing of optical devices is realized, and the light that originally propagated in one direction in the optical waveguide is folded into 7 segments, which reduces the volume of the projector unit by 85%; 2. : Weight is about 33 grams; 3. Transparency: The light transmittance of the waveguide lens exceeds that of ordinary architectural glass windows, which can reach more than 85%; 4. Thin: Refraction distortion is less than 2mm; 5. Color: ultra-high contrast, resolution, color reproduction The M3010 comes standard with LCOS as the image source, and the resolution can reach 1920*1080. It provides optical resolution close to the limit resolution of the human eye, completely eliminates the sense of screen boundary, and the image quality is clear and delicate, and the image contrast Sharp, no graininess. The maximum brightness can reach 5000nit, and the color gamut coverage is more than 100% RGB, reaching the level of professional monitors. 6. Zero light leakage: Thanks to the light splitting film array waveguide sheet and optical structure exclusively developed by Goolton Technology, the M3010 module will not leak light when working, and will not expose the content displayed on the screen to the outside world, regardless of the concealment requirements The extremely high military helmet is also the AR glasses for consumer entertainment, this feature is very important; 7.Super vision: M3010 adopts top-down structure, the horizontal field of view is completely unobstructed, and the entire field of view is fully visible. While improving the user experience, it also solves the problem of security risks caused by users wearing glasses to block the line of sight; 8. Low power consumption: battery life can reach about 10 hours; 9. Mass production reaches 10K pieces per year, and the mass production yield is stable. The cost has reached the world-class level; 10. Ultra-strict environmental testing standards: In the face of extreme high and low temperature environments, as well as high humidity and continuous salt spray, Goolton Technology’s "seven-fold, dodecahedron" ultra-short-focus AR optics The module M3010 can work stably with reliability far exceeding the industry average; 11. Fully accept customization: AR glasses have rich landing scenes, based on the powerful functions of M3010, technology companies from all walks of life can work in their familiar Customize a wide range of intelligent AR products in the field. We firmly believe that Goolton Technology’s "seven-fold, dodecahedron" ultra-short-throw optical module M3010 will definitely be able to kick off the next generation of display technology revolution, and provide better and more advanced technology for companies that also hold the spirit of craftsmanship. Powerful AR products and high-quality services.
3. Diffractive optical waveguide
3.1 Surface relief grating waveguide
The relief grating waveguide solution is to use relief grating (SRG) instead of traditional catadioptric optical device (ROE) as the coupling in, coupling out and exit pupil expansion device in the waveguide solution. The schematic diagram of its working principle is shown in Figure 10.

Figure 10. Schematic diagram of the principle of diffractive optical waveguide and surface relief grating
Commonly used relief gratings are mainly one-dimensional gratings, including tilted gratings, trapezoidal gratings, blazed gratings and rectangular grating structures. Figure 11(a) shows the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the tilted grating. The two-dimensional grating is mainly a hexagonal cylindrical grating structure commonly used in waveguides. Figure 11(b) shows the SEM image of the two-dimensional cylindrical grating structure. The feature sizes of the above grating structures are all nanometers. Currently, the most representative products of the embossed grating waveguide solution are Microsoft's HoloLens series 12(a) and WaveOptics' embossed grating waveguide series 12(b).

Figure 11. (a) Tilted grating structure diagram; (b) Two-dimensional cylindrical grating structure diagram

Figure 12. (a) HoloLens2 from Microsoft; (b) Embossed grating waveguide from WaveOptics
3.2 Volume holographic grating waveguide
The volume holographic grating waveguide solution uses a volume holographic grating as the coupling in and out of the waveguide. A volume holographic grating is an optical element with a periodic structure. It is generally exposed through a double-beam holographic exposure, directly on the micron-level thickness of the photopolymer The internal interference of the film forms interference fringes with light and dark distribution, which causes the periodic change of the refractive index inside the material. This period is generally a nano-scale grating structure, which is an order of magnitude with the wavelength of visible light, so the light can be effectively modulated, and the incident light can be diffracted to change the direction of light transmission. Combining the volume holographic grating and the waveguide film, the diffraction efficiency of the volume holographic grating can be adjusted by designing the relevant parameters of the volume holographic grating (such as material refractive index n, refractive index modulation factor and thickness, etc.).
The schematic diagram of the working principle of the volume holographic grating waveguide technology is shown in Figure 13.The image generated by the microdisplay becomes parallel light after passing through the collimating system. The diffraction effect changes the propagation direction of parallel light. When the light in the waveguide meets the condition of total reflection, it is confined to travel in the waveguide direction without loss. When the parallel light propagates to the holographic grating at the out-coupling end, the condition of total reflection is destroyed, and the light is diffracted again and becomes parallel light that exits the waveguide and enters the human eye for imaging. When the coupled holographic grating and the modulated out holographic grating have the same periodic structure and mirror symmetry, the dispersion can be effectively eliminated.

Figure 13. Schematic diagram of the working principle of volume holographic grating waveguide technology
The representative manufacturers that adopted volume holographic grating waveguide solutions in the early days were Sony and Digilens. With the maturity of this technology, the number of companies participating in the optical research of holographic grating diffraction waveguides is increasing, mainly including TruLife and WaveOptics in the United Kingdom, and Akonia in the United States. Wait. Sony has produced a high-brightness single-green volume holographic grating waveguide. As shown in Figure 14, the structure uses a double-sided volume holographic grating as the coupling end, achieving a transmittance of 85% and a display brightness of 1000cd/m2. However, due to the small thickness of the volume holographic grating, the efficiency of the system is low. In addition, it can only be used for monochromatic display and has been discontinued. Digilens launched a double-layer full-color volume holographic grating waveguide, as shown in Figure 15. This structure realizes color by using multiple monochromatic gratings, which can effectively reduce the crosstalk of system colors, but the efficiency of the system is not high, and because of its The double-layer waveguide structure makes the system more difficult to manufacture.

Figure 14. Sony's double-sided volume grating structure holographic waveguide. (a) The actual product; (b) The imaging light path.

Figure 15. Digilens full-color volume holographic grating waveguide. (a) The actual product; (b) The imaging light path.
Goolton Technology uses the holographic material exposure method to combine the RGB three colors into a diffractive waveguide, and uses the principle of coherent recording and diffraction to transmit the image to the human eye for display. There are three aspects: simulation design, materials, and process preparation. Simulation design requires self-written complex calculation models; materials mainly refer to the photosensitive materials in HOE. For holographic optical waveguides, low shrinkage ratio, high efficiency and high uniformity before and after manufacturing are required; in terms of process, more holographic technology is required Manufacturing light path and exposure experience, it is very related to the materials used. Figure 16 shows the corresponding display effect of the single-layer full-color volume holographic grating waveguide developed by Goolton Technology, with a field of view of 30°.

Figure 16. The display effect of the single-layer full-color volume holographic grating waveguide developed by Goolton Technology
4. Micro-nano manufacturing of diffractive optical waveguides
4.1 Micro-nano fabrication of surface relief grating waveguide
Surface relief gratings can be divided into one-dimensional and two-dimensional gratings from the dimension, and can be divided into straight gratings, blazed gratings and inclined gratings in structure. Since the augmented reality optical waveguide is used in the visible light band, in order to achieve greater diffraction efficiency and field of view, its characteristic size is generally hundreds of nanometers or even tens of nanometers, and its performance has a small tolerance for errors. Processing and preparation posed great challenges. The current preparation of diffractive optical waveguides is basically based on semiconductor preparation processes (such as photolithography and etching processes). However, because these methods are limited by their complicated and expensive equipment, the production cost is very high, and they are not suitable for mass production of optical modules.
Shown in Figure 17 is the process flow chart of surface relief grating template preparation or small batch preparation, including its scanning electron micrograph. For straight gratings, the process is relatively mature. First, a resist layer is spin-coated on the substrate, and the grating is patterned by interference exposure or electron beam exposure, and then reactive ion etching (RIE) or inductively coupled plasma etching is used ( ICP) transfer the pattern to the substrate and remove the resist layer to complete the preparation of the straight grating. Due to the uniformity problem, the oblique grating optical waveguide represented by HoloLens cannot be directly prepared by the reactive etching scheme, so the preparation process is more complicated, and focused ion beam etching (FIBE) and ion beam etching are required. Beam etching, IBE), reactive ion beam etching (reactive ion beam etching, RIBE) technology. Considering efficiency and uniformity comprehensively, RIBE is a more suitable solution. First, a hard mask (such as Cr) layer is plated on the substrate by physical or chemical methods, and then a resist layer is spin-coated. Also use interference exposure or electron beam exposure for patterning, and then transfer the resist pattern to the Cr layer through a chlorine dry etching process. After the etching process, the remaining resist layer is stripped by oxygen plasma method. Next, the fluorine-based RIBE process is used to incident the substrate with an ionized argon ion beam at an oblique angle. After the reactive ion beam etching, the Cr mask is removed by a standard wet etching process to obtain an oblique grating with excellent uniformity.

Figure 17. Surface relief grating template or small batch preparation process
The above-mentioned semiconductor-based manufacturing process is expensive and not suitable for mass production and processing of grating waveguides. Therefore, the replication process of diffractive optical waveguides was developed to achieve mass production, and this large-scale manufacturing process relies on optical resins with high refractive index. At present, Magic Leap and WaveOptics have carried out verification of related processes. The replication process includes hot embossing, UV-nano imprint lithography and micro contact printing (also known as soft lithography). Among them, ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography is a common method in mass production of surface relief grating waveguides.
The specific process flow is shown in Figure 18. The process can be divided into two stages: nanoimprint work mold preparation stage and mass production stage. First, the pattern is processed on the silicon wafer to be used as a template through the above-mentioned template preparation process, and UV resin is spin-coated on a larger silicon wafer through nanoimprint technology and more templates are printed on it. The printed structure is then exposed to ultraviolet light to fix the resin. Finally, the multi-pattern imprinting mold is mass-produced by repeating the above process. In the mass production process, multi-pattern molds are used to produce surface-relief grating waveguides, then functional coatings are used to cover the waveguides, and laser cutting technology is used to separate them, and finally the waveguides of different structures are stacked to realize the preparation of optical modules.

Figure 18. Mass production process flow of surface relief grating replication
4.2 Micro-nano manufacturing of volume holographic grating waveguide
The key element of the volume holographic waveguide is the volume holographic grating. The preparation of the volume holographic grating makes use of the characteristics of holographic technology. Two plane light waves with a certain angle excited by laser interfere with each other, and the interference pattern is exposed and attached to the substrate. It is obtained by forming interference fringes on the photosensitive material, and the material properties change according to the intensity distribution of light. Finally, a material with periodic changes in refractive index is obtained. The materials for preparing volume holographic waveguides include silver halide, dichromate gelatin, photosensitive polymers, holographic polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and other more exotic materials.
Holographic technology is a method that uses the principle of optical coherence to record and obtain the amplitude and phase information of an object light wave. It uses the principle of interference recording and diffraction reproduction to record the interference fringes generated by the interference of the object light wave with amplitude and phase information and the reference light wave into a hologram in the form of intensity distribution, thereby recording all the amplitude and phase information of the object light wave in On photosensitive materials. Holography is an active coherent imaging technology. The holographic recording optical path (as shown in Figure 19(a)) mainly completes two functions. One is to complete the coherent illumination of the measured object, which is formed by the transmission or reflection of the object. The object light wave; the second is to use the reference light wave to interfere with the object light wave to form a hologram.
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Among them, T0 represents the zero-order diffracted light, which corresponds to the transmitted light wave of the reference light wave; T+1 represents the +1-order diffracted light, which carries the information of the original object light wave; T-1 is the -1 order diffracted light, which carries the object light wave Conjugation information. In optical holography, the +1-order diffracted light can form a virtual image of the object, which can be directly observed with eyes, while the -1st-order diffracted light can form a real image of the object, which can be received by the screen.
Figure 19. Schematic diagram of the recording and reproduction process of optical holography
The diffraction order of the ideal holographic grating is only 0 and ±1 orders. The holographic optical waveguide display uses the 0th order light to be continuously totally reflected in the optical waveguide, while the -1 order light continuously emits from the waveguide surface. The geometrical schematic diagram of grating diffraction is shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20. Schematic diagram of holographic grating diffraction geometry
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From the above three equations, it can be concluded that for a specific wavelength, waveguide medium and light incident angle, the grating period that meets the total reflection condition should meet certain conditions.
According to its structure, holographic gratings can be divided into transmission type and reflection type holographic gratings. The fundamental difference between the two is that the recording method is different, that is, the propagation direction of the two recording lights is different, which causes the different orientation of the interference fringe surface in the recording material. When the transmission type holographic grating records, the object light and the reference light are incident from the same side of the recording medium, while when the reflection type holographic grating records, the object light and the reference light are incident from both sides of the recording medium.
Holographic gratings can be divided into surface holographic gratings and volume holographic gratings according to the relative thickness relationship between the thickness of the recording medium and the interference fringe spacing. The evaluation criteria of surface holographic grating and volume holographic grating are characterized by Q value. When Q≥10, it is volume holographic grating, otherwise it is surface holographic grating.
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The microstructure of volume holographic grating is inside the volume grating, so its diffraction is mainly the volume effect of the material. When the incident light satisfies the Bragg condition, the volume holographic grating will have extremely high diffraction efficiency, and if it deviates from the Bragg condition, the diffraction efficiency will drop rapidly. This characteristic makes the volume holographic grating have obvious angle and wavelength selectivity. When used as a coupling device, a volume holographic grating can couple light with a specific wavelength and angle in the waveguide out of the waveguide without blocking the view of the real scene from the outside, so it is an ideal coupling device.
The above-mentioned preparation process of volume holographic grating is only suitable for small batch verification, and for mass production, it is necessary to develop a more economical solution. Companies represented by Sony and DigiLens have developed the processing process of volume holographic waveguide. The roll-to-roll process for preparing volume holographic waveguides is shown in Figure 21. First, the double-beam interference exposure method is used to form volume holographic waveguides in the photosensitive polymer film attached to the roll; the second step is to form high-quality cycloolefin polymer plastic waveguides by injection molding. In order to obtain a qualified image, the warpage of the waveguide must be less than 5um, and the thickness change of the effective area should be less than 1um. Then the transfer process of the holographic optical element is carried out to accurately align and paste the holographic waveguide film with the plastic waveguide; then the plastic holographic waveguide is cut; finally in the color matching process, the red and blue plastic waveguides and the green plastic waveguide are aligned and used with UV The resin encapsulates and fixes it. The plastic substrate should remain flat before and after each processing is a challenge faced by both the stamping and color matching processes.

Figure 21. Preparation process of roll-to-roll holographic waveguide

Origins

Omnetics is the study of the applications of Omnetic Energy, a residual energy from the creation of the universe, otherwise known as the Tri-realmatic convergence. This means that the universe is formed of three extra-dimensional 'realms' that each contribute an aspect of reality. These realms are Space: the physical world, and the materials that inhabit it; Time: the ability for things to change and progress; and Mind: the ability for things to be perceived and interpreted. Because of the nature of Omnetic energy's origins, it too is divided into the categories of space, time and mind. Each of these aspects can be interacted with in one of two ways: pushing, and pulling, or positive and negative depending on how you want to look at it. In finality, there are 6 divisions of omnetic energy:
Positive physical, Negative physical, Positive temporal, Negative temporal, Positive cognizant, and Negative cognizant.

Use

People utilize omnetic energy by translating the energy into action with the use of Conductors. Conductors in our world refer to electrical or heat conductivity, and are typically metals. In this world it's largely the same. Omnetic conductivity behaves largely like electrical conductivity, with the caveat of its preference on shape. Omnetic energy only efficiently conducts through circular shapes. Examples of these are cylinders, cones, spheres, and torus', though a great deal of other circle-based shapes would also work and have varying effects.
The most commonly used conductor shape is the cylinder due to its versatility and application. Cylinders have varying effects based on their ratio of diameter to height. Small ratio'd cylinders, or rods, pull on and compress whatever aspect the user wills it to. large ratio'd cylinders, or discs, push on and dilute whatever aspect the user wills it to. neutral ratio'd cylinders store raw omnetic energy for later use, but rarely perfectly. In this case, energy will slowly be released from the neutral cylinder due to its imperfections.
Applications of Rods by Aspect
Positive physical: Attracts Solids or liquids. Discriminatory
Negative physical: Attracts gasses and plasma's. Discriminatory
Positive temporal: speeds up time in a radius, or increases gravity. Discriminatory
Negative temporal: Compresses chemical, heat, light, or electrical energy. Non-Discriminatory
Positive cognizance: Increases focus, positive emotions, and omnetic potency. Non-Discriminatory
Negative cognizance: Increases drive, negative emotions, and omnetic potency. Non-Discriminatory
Applications of Discs by Aspect
Positive physical: Repels solids or liquids. Discriminatory
Negative physical: Repels gasses and plasma's. Discriminatory
Positive temporal: Slows down time in a radius, or decreases gravity. Discriminatory
Negative temporal: Dilutes chemical, heat, light, or electrical energy. Non-Discriminatory
Positive cognizant: Dulls focus, positive emotions, and omnetic potency. Non-Discriminatory
Negative cognizant: Dulls drive, negative emotions, and omnetic potency. Non-Discriminatory
Applications of non-aspect effected conductors
Spheres: Absorbs energy. Energy cannot be released unless the sphere is destroyed.
Cones: Transfers energy. Can transfer both omnetic energy and its accompanying will from one conductor to another.
Torus': Amplifies/Transmits Energy. Creates a small energy field inside the inner abscess in which omnetic energy can flow freely.

If a conductor is an incompatible shape, and omnetic energy cannot flow freely through it, the conductor will undergo 'omnetic decay' which is a direct conversion from omnetic energy into heat energy. This deforms the conductor. The farther from an acceptable shape the conductor is, the greater the decay. Since no conductor is perfect, all conductors regardless of shape undergo this decay, but most conductors decay very, very slowly. Though, as it deforms, the decay gets exponentially faster. A small dent in a conductor won't be that much of a concern in the beginning, but once the decay really starts, the conductor quickly becomes unusable.
Humans are able to use omnetic energy because they are conscious beings with will, and the shapes of their blood cells are close enough to neutral cylinders that they can store a decent amount of energy, though their blood cells are not perfect cylinders, which means that overuse of omnetics will cause your blood to boil, or in a lesser case, over a longer period of time, your blood cells will decay, causing you to suffocate. These cases are both extreme, however. Humans obtain omnetic energy by breathing it in through the air. Omnetic energy permeates the air because it spills out of cracks in the earth's surface, because the earth itself is a massive spherical conductor.
The way that a conductor knows how to translate the energy into a specific action is with 'will'. 'will' is a sub-energy granted directly from the cognizant realm, and is directly responsible for consciousness. Because of it's origins, it directly effects omnetic energy.

Proficiency

Every human is born with a 'natural proficiency' in a particular aspect. This means that they can use that aspect in an advanced way. Without a natural proficiency, the area of effect of any omnetic application is bound to the faces of the cylindrical conductor performing it, but a natural proficiency allows the user to disjoint the area of effect from the face, allowing them to perform omnetics at a distance. Natural proficiency also allows an innate understanding of that particular aspect of magic, allowing you to perform it at at least competent levels. Outside of natural proficiency, anyone can learn a proficiency in any other aspect, but they will be bound to the standard rules in regards to that aspect no matter what. Though it's possible to learn new proficiencies, it is not easy. the difficulty is comparable to learning a new language.
Some people are born with multiple natural proficiencies. When it comes to plural natural proficiencies, it is impossible to be born with the positive and the negative of the same pair unless you have 4 or more natural proficiencies, but in that case, it is impossible to remain sane. The exception to the rule of natural sanity is a natural proficiency in all 6 aspects, but that is exceptionally rare due to the fact that the more natural proficiencies you have, the (exponentially) more rare it is.

Unrestricted Omnetic Energy

Omnetic energy, in its current form, is restricted by the realms. This was not always the case, however, and there exists an incredibly small amount of energy without such restrictions. This unrestricted omnetic energy, or god energy, has the capability to bend the rules of the realms themselves, if provided the will to know what to do of course. There are several conductors throughout the world that possess this god energy. It is typically kept in spherical conductors due to the fact that they don't release their energy unless destroyed. These artifacts are known as 'wishes'.

Conductor conjugation

Conductors can have their effects merged by merging the shapes themselves. The most popular example of this is the omnetic capacitor, which consists of a cone piercing entirely through a sphere. This causes the energy flowing through the cone to stop in the sphere until the sphere is 'full' at which point, all of the energy is released in one massive wave. Another example is the 'screwlight' which joins a sharpened spring with a neutral cylinder to produce a long-lasting light. Many mechanisms can be made by fusing shapes together, but there is another way to conjugate. Negative conjugation is the process of removing one conductive shape from another, and this typically has the exact same effect as positive shape conjugation with the caveat being that the removed shape must be completely encapsulated by the rest of the conductor, or the negative shape will not be complete, causing exponential omnetic decay. An example of this is "sparkfoam" which is an amorphous tin structure filled with bubbles. The bubbles in the tin act as negative-conjugated spheres, allowing for a massive energy storage unit. This is one-time use, however, due to the fact that in order to get the energy out of the foam, the foam must be destroyed.

If you have any questions or clarifications that you would like me to make, please ask in the comments below, or DM me. I'm always happy to strengthen my magic system with the fires of scrutiny, and the more you make me think about it the better it becomes.

Pastebin link with footnotes: https://pastebin.com/uXSCjwZK

Nutrition

Vegans lie to claim that health organizations agree on their diet:
1. There are many health authorities that explicitly advise against vegan diets, especially for children.
2. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics was founded by Seventh-day Adventists, an evangelistic vegan religion that owns meat replacement companies. Every author of their position paper is a career vegan, one of them is selling diet books that are cited in the paper. One author and one reviewer are Adventists who work for universities that publicly state to have a religious agenda. Another author went vegan for ethical reasons. They explicitly report "no potential conflict of interest". Their claims about infants and athletes are based on complete speculation (they cite no study following vegan infants from birth to childhood) and they don't even mention potentially problematic nutrients like Vitamin K or Carnitine.
3. Many, if not all, of the institutions that agree with the AND either just echo their position, don't cite any sources at all, or have heavy conflicts of interest. E.g. the Dietitians of Canada wrote their statement with the AND, the USDA has the Adventist reviewer in their guidelines committee, the British Dietetic Association works with the Vegan Society, the Australian Guidelines cite the AND paper as their source and Kaiser Permanente has an author that works for an Adventist university.
4. In the EU, all nutritional supplements, including B12, are by law required to state that they should not be used as a substitute for a balanced and varied diet.
5. In Belgium, parents can get imprisoned for imposing a vegan diet on children.
The supposed science around veganism is highly exaggerated. Nutrition science is in its infancy and the "best" studies on vegans rely on indisputably and fatally flawed food questionnaires that ask them what they eat once and then just assume they do it for several years:
1. Vegans aren't even vegan. They frequently cheat on their diet and lie about it.
2. Self-imposed dieting is linked to binge eating disorder, which makes people forget and misreport about eating the food they crave.
3. The vast majority of studies favoring vegan diets were conducted on people who reported to consume animal products and by scientists trained at Seventh-day Adventist universities. They have contrasting results when compared other studies. The publications of researchers like Joan Sabate and Winston Craig (reviewers and authors of the AND position paper, btw) show that they have a strong bias towards confirming their religious beliefs. They brag about their global influence on diet, yet generally don't disclose this conflict of interest. They have pursued people for promoting low-carbohydrate diets.
4. 80-100% of observational studies are proven wrong in controlled trials.
A vegan diet is not sustainable for the average person. Ex-vegans vastly outnumber current vegans, of which the majority have only been vegan for a short time. Common reasons for quitting are: concerns about health (23%), cravings (37%), social problems (63%), not seeing veganism as part of their identity (58%). 29% had health problems such as nutrient deficiencies, depression or thyroid issues, of which 82% improved after reintroducing meat. There are likely more people that quit veganism with health problems than there are vegans. Note that this is a major limitation of cohort studies on vegans as they only analyze the people who did not quit. (survivorship bias)
Vegans use appeals to authority or observational (non-causal) studies with tiny risk factors to vilify animal products. Respectable epidemiologists outside of nutrition typically reject these because they don't even reach the minimum threshold to justify a hypothesis and might compromise public health. The study findings are usually accompanied by countless paradoxes such as meat being associated with positive health outcomes in Asian cohorts:
1. Vegans like to say that meat causes cancer by citing the WHO's IARC. But the report actually says there's no evaluation on poultry/fish and that red meat has not been established as a cause of cancer. More importantly, Gordon Guyatt (founder of evidence-based medicine, pescetarian) criticized them for misleading the public and drawing conclusions from cherry-picked epidemiology (they chose only 56 studies out of the supposed 800+). A third of the committee voting against meat were vegetarians. Before the report was released, 23 cancer experts from eight countries looked at the same data and concluded that the evidence is inconsistent and unclear.
2. The idea that dietary raised cholesterol causes heart disease has never been proven.
3. Here's a compilation of large, government-funded clinical trials to oppose the claims made to blame meat and saturated fat for diabetes, cancer or CVD. Note that these have been ignored WHO and guidelines.
4. Much of the anti-meat push is coming from biased institutions like Adventist universities or Harvard School of Public Health who typically don't disclose their conflicts of interest. The latter conducted bribed studies for the sugar industry and was chaired by a highly influential supporter of vegetarianism for 26 years. He published hundreds of epidemiological anti-meat papers (e.g. the Nurses' Health Studies), tried to censor publications that oppose his views and wants to deemphasize the importance of experimental science. He has financial ties to seed oil, nut, fruit, vegetable and pharmaceutical industries and is part many plant-based movements like Blue Zones, True Health Initiative (Frank Hu, David Katz, Dean Ornish), EAT-Lancet and Lifestyle Medicine (Adventists, Michael Greger).
Popular sources that promote "plant-based diets" are actually just vegan propaganda in disguise:
1. Blue zones are bullshit. The longest living populations paradoxically consume the highest amount of meat. Buettner cherry-picks and ignores areas that have both high consumption of animal products and high life expectancies (Hong Kong, Switzerland, Spain, France, ... ). He praises Adventists for their health, but doesn't do the same for Mormons. Among others, he misrepresents the Okinawa diet by using data from a post WWII famine. The number of centenarians in blue zones is likely based on birth certificate fraud. The franchise also belongs to the SDA church now.
2. The website "nutritionfacts.org" is run by a vegan doctor who is known to misinterpret and cherry-pick his data. He and many other plant-based advocates like Klaper, Kahn and Davis all happen to be ethical vegans.
3. EAT-Lancet is pushing a nutrient deficient "planetary health diet" because it's essentially a global convention of vegans. Their founder and president is the Norwegian billionaire, hypocrite and animal rights activist Gunhild Stordalen. In 2017, they co-launched FReSH - a partnership of fertilizer, pesticide, processed food and flavouring companies.
4. The China Study, aka the Vegan Bible, has been debunked by hundreds of people including Campbell himself in his actual peer-reviewed publications on the study.
5. The Guardian, a pro-vegan newspaper that frequently depicts meat as bad for health and the environment, has received two grants totaling $1.78m from an investor of Impossible Foods.
A widespread lie is that the vegan diet is "clinically proven to reverse heart disease". The studies by Ornish and Esselstyn are made to sell their diet, but rely on confounding factors like exercise, medication or previous bypass surgeries (Esselstyn had nearly all of them exercise while pretending it was optional). All of them have tiny sample size, extremely poor design and have never been replicated in much larger clinical trials, which made Ornish suggest that we should discard the scientific method. Both diets included dairy.
Vegan diets are devoid of many nutrients and generally require more supplements than just B12. Some of them (Vitamin K2, EPA/DHA, Vitamin A) can only be obtained because they are converted from other sources, which is inefficient, limited or poor for a large part of the population. EPA+DHA from animal products have an anti-inflammatory effect, but converting it from ALA (plant sourced) does not seem to work the same. Taurine is essential for many people with special needs, while Creatine supplementation improves memory only in those who don't eat meat.
The US supplement industry is poorly regulated and has a history of spiking their products with drugs. Vitamin B complexes were tainted with anabolic steroids in the past, while algae supplements have been found to contain aldehydes. Supplements and fortified foods can cause poisoning, while natural products generally don't. Even vegan doctors caution and can't agree on what to supplement.
Restrictive dieting has psychological consequences including aggressive behavior, negative emotionality, loss of libido, concentration difficulties, higher anxiety measures and reduced self-esteem. There is an extremely strong link between meat abstention and mental disorders. While it's unknown what causes what, the vegan diet is low in or devoid of several important brain nutrients.
A vegan diet alone fulfills the diagnostic criteria of an eating disorder.
Patrik Baboumian, the strongest vegan on earth, lied about holding a world record that actually belongs to Brian Shaw. Patrik has never even been invited to World's Strongest Man. He dropped the weight during his "world record", which was done at a vegetarian food festival where he was the only competitor. His unofficial deadlift PR is 360kg, but the 2016 world record was 500kg. We can compare his height-relative strength with the Wilks Score and see that he is being completely dwarfed by Eddie Hall (208 vs 273). Patrik also lives on supplements. He pops about 25 pills a day to fix common vegan nutrient deficiencies and gets over 60% of his protein intake from drinking shakes.
Here's a summary on almost every pro athlete that either stopped being vegan, got injured, has only been vegan a couple of years, retired or was falsely promoted as vegan.
Historically, humans have always needed animal products and are highly adapted to meat consumption. There has never been a recorded civilization of humans that was able to survive without animal foods. Isotopic evidence shows that the first modern humans ate lots of meat and were the only natural predator of adult mammoths. Most of their historic technology and cave paintings revolved around hunting animals. Our abilities to throw and sweat likely developed for this reason. Our stomach's acidity is in the same range as obligate carnivores and its shape has changed so much from other hominids that we can't even digest cellulose anymore. The vegan diet is born out of ideology, species-inappropriate and could negatively affect future generations.
1. The cooked starch hypothesis that vegans use is inconsistent with many observations.
Compilations of nutrition studies:
1. Veganism slaughter house (80+ papers).
2. 70+ papers comparing vegans to non-vegans.
3. Scrolls and tomes against the Indoctrinated.
4. Zotero folder of 120+ papers.

Environment

Cow farts do not cause climate change. The EPA estimates that all agriculture produces about 10% of US greenhouse emissions, while animal agriculture is less than half of that. Other developed countries, like Germany, UK and Australia all have similarly low emissions. Vegans use global estimations that are skewed by developing countries with inefficient subsistence agriculture. Their main figure is an outdated and retracted source that compared lifecycle to direct emissions.
Many environmental studies that vegans use are heavily flawed because they were made by people who have no clue about agriculture, e.g. by the SDA church. A common mistake is that they use irrational theoretical models that assume we grow crops for animals because most of the plant weight is used as feed, The reality is that 86% of livestock feed is inedible by humans. They consume forage, food-waste and crop residues that could otherwise become an environmental burden. 13% of animal feed consists of potentially edible low-quality grains, which make up a third of global cereal (not total crop) production. All US beef cattle spend the majority of their life on pasture and upcycle protein even when grain-finished (0.6 to 1). Hence, UN FAO considers livestock crucial for food security and does not endorse veganism at all.
Plant-to-animal food comparisons are deceiving because animals provide many actually useful by-products that are needed for medicine, crop fertilization, clothing, pet food and public water safety. Vegans are in general very dishonest when comparing foods, as seen here where they compare 1kg of beef (2600 kcal, 260g protein) to 1kg of tomatoes (180 kcal, 9g protein). The claim that we could feed more people just with more calories is also wrong because the leading causes of malnutrition are deficiencies of Iron, Zinc, Folate, Iodine and Vitamin A - which are common and most bioavailable in animal products.
Vegan land use comparisons are half-truths that equate pastures with plantations. 57% of land used for feed is not even suitable for crops, while the rest is often much less productive. Grassland can sequester more carbon and has a four times lower rate of soil loss per unit area than cropland. Regenerative agriculture restores topsoil, is scalable, efficient and has high animal welfare. Big names like Kellogg are investing in it for long-term profit. On the other hand, removing livestock would create a food supply incapable of supporting the US population’s nutritional requirements due to lack of vitamin A, vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium and fatty acids - while removing most animal by-products.
Water usage is possibly the most ridiculous way vegans deceive. The water footprint is divided into green (sourced from precipitation) and blue (sourced from the surface). Water scarcity is largely dependent on blue water use, which is why experts use lifecycle models. Vegan infographics always portray beef as a massive water hog by counting the rain that falls on the pasture. 96% of beef's water usage is green and it can even be produced without any blue water at all. The crops leading to the most depletion are wheat (22%), rice (17%), sugar (7%) and cotton (7%).
Going vegan won't do shit for the Amazon rainforest because the majority of Brazil's beef exports go to China and Hong Kong. The US or European countries each account for 2% or less. Soybean demand is driven by oil; the rest of the plant (80%) is a by-product that is exported as Chinese pig feed. Brazil is also a misrepresentative and atypical industry. Globally, cattle ranching accounts for 12%, commercial crops for 20% and subsistence farming for 48% of deforestation. The US use about half as much forest land for grazing than 70 years ago.
Livestock is not routinely supplemented with vitamin B12. Cows that consume cobalt (found in grass, which is free of B12) produce it with gut bacteria in the rumen. Gastrointestinal animals (including humans) initially can't absorb it, but instead excrete it and can then eat their own shit. B12 is in the soil because of excretions - ground bacteria exist but have never been shown to be the main source. Plants are devoid of B12 because competing bacteria consume it, not because of soil depletion. The "90% of B12 supplements go to livestock"-figure...
1. is bullshit that vegans keep on parroting. It originates from an article that calls humans herbivores, with no source.
2. ignores the fact that you can get B12 from seafood and venison. A can of sardines provides 3x the RDA.
3. is illogical because animals on unnatural diets can simply be given cobalt instead of the synthetic supplement that vegans rely on. Cows also destroy most of B12 in their gut before it can be absorbed.

Socioeconomics

Voluntary veganism is a privilege that is enabled by globalization and concentrated in first-world societies. Less than 1% of Indians are vegan. Jains, who are similar to vegans, are the wealthiest Indian community and even they still drink milk. In fact, India is a great example of why veganism doesn't work because they've religiously pursued it for thousands of years and still couldn't do it. Even Gandhi was an ex-vegan that had to warn them how dangerous the diet is.

Ethics

Veganism is a harmful ideology that promotes the abstinence from any "optional" animal suffering inflicted to support human health. For example, vaccines are not vegan. And just like meat, some people have already considered them unnecessary. Likewise, popular vegan communities also encourage people to put their carnivorous pets on a vegan diet to "avoid" cruelty. Hence, promoting animal rights is fundamentally anti-human because it will restrict or remove access to even the most basic needs, such as food or clothes. The only reason vegans are able to deny this is because they are pretending that the people who had to suffer for their ideology don't exist.
Vegans are not raising enough awareness about deficiencies and as a result harm innocent children. B12 deficiency can cause irreversible nerve damage, psychosis and is hard to notice. 10-50% of vegans say they don't even take any supplements.
Vegan diets are more dependent on slavery because they rely on global food supply. Many crops, especially cotton, nuts, oils and seeds that they have to include in higher quantities to make up for animal products are to a large extent child labor products from developing countries. 108 million children work in agriculture. Cheese replacements (guess who's responsible for that) are usually made with cashews, which burn the fingers of the women who have to remove the shells. A larger list of examples can be found here.
Vegans have never been able to define or measure that their diet causes less deaths/suffering than an omnivorous one. They are ignorantly contributing to an absolute bloodbath of trillions of zooplankton, mites, worms, crickets, grasshoppers, snails, frogs, turtles, rats, squirrels, possum, raccoons, moles, rabbits, boars, deer, 75% of insect biomass, half of all bird species and 20,000 humans per year. Two grass-fed cows are enough to feed someone for a year and, if managed properly, can restore biodiversity. The textbook vegan excuse where they try to blame plant agriculture on animals and use only mice deaths, fabricated feed conversion ratios of 20:1 and a coincidentally favourable per-calorie metric is nonsense because:
1. The majority of animal feed is either low-maintenance forage or a by-product that only exists because of human food harvest.
2. It literally shows that grass-fed beef kills fewer animals.
Vegans likely exploit more animals than the average person. The Vegan Society officially rejects beekeeping, but many commercial crops require to be pollinated by domestic bees that are forced to breed, shipped around and then worked to death. It's principally impossible to have a nutritionally complete vegan diet without forced pollination, but fodder crops do not exploit bees. As a result, human food crops kill five times as many bees as all livestock slaughter combined and directly support honey production (taking excess honey is necessary for colony health). Vegans should also call around and make sure that their seasonally changing food exporters don't rely on insects, terriers, sheep, ducks, organic fertilizers or anything from developing countries where animal labor is still common.
The ethical framework around veganism (negative utilitarianism) is so insane that its logical conclusion is to prevent as much life and biodiversity as possible in order to reduce suffering, which means it also favors Brazilian rainforest beef over crop cultivation. This line of thought is already followed by organizations like PETA who proudly state it to be their goal and will steal and euthanize other people's pets. Vegans reject appeals to nature when they are used to defend omnivorism, yet falsely assume that animals are more happy under the stress of natural selection. In contrast to livestock, wild animals are never guaranteed to receive shelter, protection, food, medical care, low stress or a quick death. Animal rights conflict with welfare because their goal is not to increase happiness, but just to oppose animal husbandry. Put differently, vegans pretend to support the wellbeing of animals, but can hardly even do so with their consumer power. What they are doing is more likely to kill off local ranchers and ensure a monopoly for Tyson/JBS, who are spearheading fake meat btw.
The average vegan is, based on their demographic, a New York hipster that has never seen a farm in their live. Animals are not being abused (This is one of the "factory farms" where 99% of animals come from). Undercover videos have often been staged by agenda-driven activists who get paid to apply for farm jobs and encourage animal abuse. The real industry has government-inspected welfare regulations. (Dominion straight up lies about pigs in slaugherhouses getting no water - it's required by law). Here's some actual industrial slaughterhouse footage of Beef, Turkey and Pork. For comparison, rodenticides are intentionally made to drain the life out of rats over three days so that they can't figure out what killed them.
Vegans love to misportray farm practises and anthropomorphize animals by giving them concepts that they don't care about, or even enjoy. Sexual coercion ("rape") is normal procreation and cows don't see a problem with it. They will even milk themselves when given the possibility. Pigs don't mind eating their own babies or getting shot. Even the myth that they are as intelligent as dogs comes from a questionable study made by animal rights advocates.
The reputation of vegans is based exactly on how they present themselves in public. Humans evolved to have predatory behaviour and as a result many people enjoy homesteading, hunting or fishing. Vegan activists frequently bother society and disrespect human biology - with thousands of years of history - for their arbitrarily chosen set of morals. There are actual animal rights terrorist groups that have sent bombs and stalked children, which they justify with it being done "in the name of veganism". Therefore, a very good reason to stay away from veganism is simply because someone doesn't want to be associated with a cult-like ideology.

Philosophy

The definition that vegans pride themselves with is a laughing stock because not only is it so loosely defined that it can be used to call everyone vegan, but it also shamelessly co-opts all the belief systems that have existed for much longer. According to this definition, Hindu, Buddhists, the Inuit and carnivores can all be called vegan, but are not following the diet and therefore considered impure (apparently caring about animals was invented by some British guy in 1944). Vegans are nothing more than people who abstain from animal products, in fact veganism was originally defined as a diet.
The misanthropic idea of "speciecism" was popularized by a nutjob philosopher who argues in favour of bestiality and belittles disabled people, but makes exceptions when it affects himself. Ironically, he eats animal products and calls consistent veganism fanatical. When it comes to the misanthropic aspect, animal rights activists themselves are the best example because they frequently insult minorities and crime victims by equating them to livestock with analogies to rape, murder, slavery or holocaust. The best part is that vegans are speciecists themselves because they justify their killing as "necessary for human survival" and still won't equate a cow to an insect.
Since vegans somehow manage to justify systematically poisoning and torturing insects by arbitrarily declaring that they can't suffer ("sentience"), they might aswell consider eating them. The same goes for bivalves, since there's about as much evidence that they feel pain as there is for plants.
A vegan diet itself is not even vegan under its own premises because it's not "practicable" to follow. It demands an opportunity cost of time, research and money that could be utilized in a better way and even then is not guaranteed to be efficient because it emphasizes purity. The entire following around veganism represents a Nirvana Fallacy and is the reason why the majority of people quit: Perfect is the enemy of good. A vegan diet makes it harder, and for many people impossible, to follow productive consumer approaches such as buying local, seasonal or supporting regenerative agriculture.

List of known nutrients that vegan diets either can't get at all or are typically low in, especially when uninformed and for people with special needs. Vegans will always say that "you can get X nutrient from Y specific source", but a full meal plan with sufficient quantities will essentially highlight how absurd a "well-planned" vegan diet is.

Vitamin B12
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine)
Choline
Niacin (bio availability)
Vitamin B2
Vitamin A (Retinol, variable Carotene conversion)
Vitamin D3 (winter, northern latitudes, synthesis requires cholesterol)
Vitamin K2 MK-4 (variable K1 conversion)
Omega-3 (EPA/DHA; conversion from ALA is inefficient, limited, variable, inhibited by LA and insufficient for pregnancy)
Iron (bio availability)
Zinc (bio availability)
Calcium
Selenium
Iodine
Protein (per calorie, digestibility, Lysine, Leucine, elderly people, athletes)
Creatine (conditionally essential)
Carnitine (conditionally essential)
Carnosine
Taurine (conditionally essential)
CoQ10
Conjugated linoleic acid
Cholesterol
Arachidonic Acid (conditionally essential)
Glycine (conditionally essential)

Common vegan debate tactics/fallacies:

Nirvana fallacy: "There's no point in eating animal products because everything can be solved with a perfect vegan diet, supplements and genetic predisposition."
Proof by example: "Some people say they are vegan. Therefore, animal products are unnecessary."
Appeal to authority: Pointing to opinion papers written by vegan shills as proof that their diet is adequate.
No true Scotsman: "Everyone who failed veganism didn't do enough research. Properly planned vegan diets are healthy!" (aka not real Socialism)
Narcissist's prayer: "Everything bad that came out of veganism is fault of the world, not veganism itself."
No true Scotsman: "Veganism is not a diet, it's an ethical philosophy. No true vegan eats almonds, avocados or bananas ..."
Definist fallacy: "... as far as is possible and practicable." (Can be used to defend any case of hypocrisy)
Special pleading: "It's never ethical to harm animals for food, except when we 'accidentally' hire planes to rain poison from the sky." (You can trigger their cognitive dissonance by pointing that out.)
Special pleading: "Anyone who doesn't agree with my ideology has cognitive dissonance."
Appeal to emotion: Usage of words exclusive to humans (rape, murder, slavery, ... ) in the context of animals.
Fallacy fallacy: "Evolution is a fallacy because it's natural."
Texas sharpshooter fallacy: "A third of grains are fed to livestock. Therefore, a third of all crops are grown as animal feed."
False dilemma: "Producing only livestock is less sustainable than producing only crops, so we should only produce crops."
False cause: Asserting that association infers causation because it's the best data they have. ("Let's get rid of firefighters because they correlate to forest fires")
Faulty generalization: Highlighting mediocre athletes to refute the fact that vegans are underrepresented in elite sports.
JAQing off: This is how vegans convert other people. They always want them to justify eating meat by asking tons of loaded questions, presumably because nobody would care about their logically inconsistent arguments otherwise. Cults often employ this tactic to recruit new members. (They mistakenly call it the Socratic method)
Argument from ignorance: NameTheTrait aka "vegans are right unless you prove their nonsensical premises wrong". (It's essentially asking "When is a human not a human?")
Moving the goalposts: Whenever a vegan is cornered, they will dodge and change the subject to one of their other pillars (Ethics, Health, Environment or Sustainability) as seen here.
Ad hominem: Nit-picking statements out of context, attacking them in an arrogant manner, and then proclaiming everything someone says is wrong while not being able to refute the actual point. (see Kresser vs Wilks debate)

Actually, I guess I should clarify I guess this isn't technically about morphosyntactic alignment, and more about how noun cases can fulfill multiple, even contradictory, roles. I'm just not sure that that phenomenon has an actual name (I'm not sure "polysemy" fits). But, FWIW, Georgian does switch between nom/acc and erg/abs in the aorist, so I think I can still fairly say it has non-constant alignment.
So I wanted to make a cursed Abkhaz-inspired conlang, but I've also been trying (not very hard but still) to learn Georgian, and I want to try to incorporate something similar to Georgian's, uh, unique morphosyntactic alignment.
For those who don't know, a simplified way to put it is Georgian essentially switches between 3 different ways of marking subject vs. object depending on which tense* the verb is in:
1) Present and future tenses: subject marked with nominative, direct object marked with dative**
2) Aorist tenses: subject marked with ergative, direct object marked with nominative
3) Perfective*** tenses: subject marked with dative, direct object marked with nominative
So, the nominative marks the agent of a noun... except all the times when it's the patient of the noun, and ditto for the dative.
And then, because that wasn't confusing enough, Georgian verbs are divided into 4 verb classes (the first two distinguished by transitivity), and this AFAIK only applies to the first class, transitive verbs. IINM class 2 is always intransitive and marks the argument with nom, class 3 is almost always intransitive and marks the argument with erg, and class 4 is always the dat/nom thing. (I think. The fact that there are are 4 verb classes and 4 screeve series makes it hella confusing which category is being referred to when someone says e.g. "the 3rd conjugation". Is that the 3rd verb class or the 3rd series (aorist)? I'm gonna check with my Georgian-learning Discord to see if I've misunderstood something)
This is all very scuffed of course, which is exactly why I want to incorporate something like it. However, it's so scuffed and unrealistic that I have no idea how to justify it retroactively. It seems unimpressive to just have it appear ex nihilo in the proto-lang; I'd ideally like it to evolve from something... but what? How?
I can understand evolving to switch between declensions based on verb class - for that, you could just have e.g. a fluid-S proto that eventually decided some verbs were inherently agentive or inherently patientive and split them into closed verb classes, thus becoming split-S.
What I don't understand is how a system like this would come about based on tense or some other grammatical category that actually affects the meaning, rather than just affecting the abstract categories we make up for the purposes of teaching the language.
How do it be?
* "screeves", technically; I think it's dumb there's a separate name for them, AFAIK just because Georgian doesn't have combined-TAM in all conjugations. But the screeves are bunched into 4 "series", and within each series the noun marking is the same for all screeves in the series.
** It should be pointed out that Georgian has a single case for both direct and indirect objects; it's called the dative rather than accusative or oblique or something though.
*** I think this series is poorly named - they're more like perfect screeves, not perfective screeves; nevertheless, I didn't come up with the name.

For ad werþe zen nýe Mannen, bez mann hæbbe allhjarted.
[ɸɔɾ ɑ ˈɰɛrːs̪ə ʃɲ̩ ˈnœʏ̯ːjə ˈmɑnːn̩ bəʃ ˈmɑnː ˈʃæbːə ˌɑlːˈʃɑrːtə]
for to become-inf the.m.sg new-def.m.sg Manne-the.m.sg be.fut.sg man.sg have-inf all-heart-def.n.sg
"To become God, you have to walk in everyone's shoes."
- Erish proverb

Erish (ærsk), an a posteriori West Germanic artlang, isn't the first constructed language I've worked on, but it is the first one I can say has come to a point where it is presentable. The concept is that, in the conworld, Erish arises from Proto-West Germanic nearby North Germanic languages as they arise from Proto-Norse, and is still in a sort of sprachbund with them. Intelligibility, particularly in speech, is hampered by Erish's own innovations, especially phonologically.
Here, I would like to provide a summary of the closest thing to a standard Erish pronunciation, as well as an account of the orthography, as its depth tells a bit about the changes that Erish has undergone. With each, I'll give a snippet about the goals I had going into them, as well as feedback questions I myself have - Erish is and will always be a work-in-progress. I am greatly indebted to a variety of resources, so I will provide several of them at the end of this post and the others that may follow it, as well as a concluding gloss.

Phonology

Most Erish speakers simply use their own dialects when speaking, up to and including the King or Queen. The pronunciation taught to foreigners, as well as the one used in national broadcasting, is that of Hamnstead, which was the city where radio broadcasting first developed in Erishland, and which is still a center of national media. The Hamnstead dialect is a Western dialect close enough to Southern dialects that its phonology is sort of a mixture of the two groups, plus its own quirks.
Goals
Personally, this phonology is my attempt at creating one reminiscent of the older stages of Germanic languages, but which feels plausibly modern and plausible in a place where North Germanic contact and influence continues into present. A bit of a summary and highlights of what that means:

The vowels, especially as phonemes, are not too dissimilar from contemporary and historic relatives, as Germanic languages were and are known for their many vowels.
- Hamnstead Erish doesn't have the /ɵ,ʉː/ of Southern Erish dialects, but the realization of /eː,øː,oː/ is similar to the Norwegian and Old Norse diphthongs. They even sort of correspond, but with the asterisk that they also correspond to Norwegian /iː,yː,ʉː/ and /eː,øː,oː/.
The consonants may seem more akin to Spanish than Swedish, though in my view, it's a blend of the latter and Gothic. I do give props to the interpretation of Spanish /ɾ/ being ungeminated / for Erish /'s allophony, though.
- Word-initial /ɕ,j,ɧ/ in Swedish corresponds to /t͡ʃ,ʝ,ʃ/ in Erish; /ʝ/ is similar phonetically to Old English /j/. However, one word with Erish initial /ʝ/ also corresponds to Swedish /h/; initial /ʃ/ also corresponds to many Swedish /h/'s, and even a few /d/'s.
Many of the apparent archaisms are actually re-innovations. Why cling to an old way of pronunciation when a change closer to present day can plausibly re-introduce something similar?
- Case in point: Is the [β] allophone of /b/ you lenited decades ago hard to distinguish from the /v/ you and your neighboring languages have had for centuries? Just merge /v/ with /b/!
The only notable phonological archaisms of Hamnstead Erish, to my knowledge, are that there is still a short /æ/ from i-umlauted /a/ (something uncommon even among Erish dialects), and that Proto-Germanic *h is still pronounced as /x/ where it hasn't merged with other phonemes.
- There's /ɣ/ as well, but Dutch and Low German also preserve it. It's also a bit misleading, since /ɣ/ is actually /ɰ/. The /ɣ/ transcription is used for consistency with what otherwise varies between /ɣ/, /ɰ/, and /w/ between dialects.

Vowels
Hamnstead Erish has a rather bland vowel inventory for an Erish dialect. About the only notable feature, phonemically speaking, is that there is still a short /æ/ distinct from /ɛ/, though that's typical of Western dialects. Phonetically, though, the story's a bit more complicated - Hamnstead Erish is amongst the few dialects that can be argued to, in some limited way, preserve most of the original Old Erish diphthongs, and has re-innovated a very limited form of allophonic u-umlaut.

	Front unrounded	Front rounded	Back
Close	ɪ • iː	ʏ • yː	ʊ • uː
Mid	ɛ • eː	œ • øː	ɔ • oː
Open	æ • æː		ɑ • ɑː

The short vowels are phonetic monophthongs
- The close vowels are near-close [ɪ,ʏ,ʊ]
- The mid-front vowels, especially /ɛ/, are mid-front [ɛ̝,œ̝]; /œ/ may also be open-mid [œ̝]
  - /ɛ/ in unstressed syllables is generally [ə], though broadcasters tend towards using an [ɛ̠]
- The mid-back vowel is either open-mid [ɔ] or, less often, mid [ɔ̝]
  - In unstressed syllables, it may be realized as a retracted, raised [ɞ̟˔], but this is far less common than the [ə] realization of /ɛ/. This may have to do with unstressed /ɔ/ always being morphologically associated with some marked feature, namely the feminine gender, neuter plural, and plural subject of the past tense.
- The open front vowel may be near-open [æ] or open [a]
- The open back vowel in regular syllables may vary between completely unrounded open back [ɑ], or a very weakly rounded [ɑ̜]
  - /ɑ/ is fully rounded to [ɒ] if a following syllable contains /ɔ,ʊ/, or the allophone [ɒ]
The long vowels /iː,uː/ are phonetic monophthongs [iː,uː]
/ɑː/ is phonetically a monophthong, but may be raised [ɑ̝ː], and follows the allophonic rounding pattern of its short counterpart
All other long vowels are realized as diphthongs
- The mid-vowels /eː,øː,oː/ are realized as closing diphthongs [ɛɪ̯ː,œʏ̯ː,ɔʊ̯ː], or [eɪ̯ː,øʏ̯ː,oʊ̯ː]
- /yː,æː/ are realized as backing diphthongs [yʉ̯ː,æɐ̯ː]

Consonants
Hamnstead Erish, like most Erish dialects, has a consonant inventory that is phonemically similar to the Nordic languages, but the allophony of these consonants is less so. Voiced stops regularly lenit to approximants that devoice and fricate word-finally; this leads to the notorious "Erish hiss". Notable aspects of Hamnstead's phonology are the merger of /ʂ/ and /ɕ/ into /ʃ/, a change which is common but still absent in Southern dialects, and that /ɣ/ is a velar approximant, instead of the labiovelar common to Western dialects.

	Vclss. labial	Vcd. labial	Vclss. coronal	Vcd. coronal	Vclss. palatal	Vcd. palatal	Vclss. velar	Vcd. velar
Nasal		m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Stops	p	b	t	d	t͡ʃ	(d͡ʒː)	k	(gː)
Cntnts.	f	(β)	s	(ð)	ʃ	ʝ	x	ɣ
Laterals				l		ʎ
Trill				r

The nasals are generally realized as [m,n,ɲ̟,ŋ], with the palatal and nasal being inherently geminate. Before a coronal obstruent, they are typically realized as [ɱ,n̪,ɲ̟,ŋ].
- After a syllable initial voiceless obstruent, /n,ɲ/ are voiceless [n̥,ɲ̟̊].
- Unstressed, word-final /ɛm,ɛn/ are commonly realized as syllabic [m̩,n̩].
  - Unstressed sequences of /ʃɛn/ and sometimes /t͡ʃɛn/ may be realized as [ʃɲ̩,t͡ʃɲ̩]
Similar to many other Germanic languages, the voiceless stops /p,t,t͡ʃ,k/ are realized as aspirated [pʰ,t̪ʰ,t͡ʃʰ,kʰ] in stressed onsets if they are not preceded by a sibilant.
The voiced stops /b,d/ are plosive [b,d̪] if they are morpheme initial, geminated, or post-nasal. Elsewhere, they lenit to the approximants [β̞, ð̞], which devoice and spirantize word-finally to /f,s/.
- The process of /d/ to /s/, in tandem with /ʝ/ to /ʃ/, is a well-known feature of Erish phonology. Uneducated Erish speakers using other languages may apply it, making the "Erish hiss".
The voiced continuants /ʝ,ɣ/ are approximants [j,ɰ]; when geminated, they harden to stops [d͡ʒː,gː]. Similar to the voiced stops, the approximants devoice and spirantize to /ʃ,x/ word-finally.
In emphatic speech, or speech mimicking Eastern dialects, the phonemic and allophonic voiced continuants may be pronounced as [β,ð,ʝ,ɣ], though never with the same frication as the voiceless continuants.
The voiceless continuants /f,s,ʃ,x/ are consistently realized with strong constriction as [ɸ,s̪,ʃ,x].
- Some dialects have free variation in the realization of /f/ from [ɸ] to [f], and a few consistently realize it as the labiodental /f/.
- After a voiced stop, /f/ is realized as [v], which usually has less frication than the voiceless allophone, but is not an approximant like the phonemic voiced continuants.
The coronal lateral /l/ is normally realized as [l], but when in contact with /t,d,s/, it is laminal denti-alveolar [l̪].
- After a voiceless consonant, it is voiceless [l̥~l̪̊].
The palatal lateral /ʎ/ is a traditional phoneme of Erish, but younger generations outside of the South have begun to merge it with /ʝ/. It is realized as an alveolo-palatal [ʎ̟].
- After a voiceless consonant, it is voiceless [ʎ̥˖].
The trill / is realized as a full trill morpheme-initially or when geminated; in other contexts, it is an alveolar tap [ɾ].
- After a voiceless consonant, it is voiceless [ɾ̥].
- Unstressed, word-final /ɛ is commonly realized as [ɐ].
As described throughout, the coronal obstruents /t,d,s/ are dental [t̪,d̪,s̪]. Other dialects may use an alveolar realization [t,d,s].
- Before /k/, /s/ is usually alveolar [s].
The palatal and velar obstruents /t͡ʃ,ʃ,ʝ,k,ɣ,x/ are all allophonically rounded to [Ḱʷ,Kʷ] before rounded vowels.

Phonotactics
Valid onset consonants:

Zero consonant
All consonant phonemes other than /ɲ/ and /ŋ/
Obstruent + nasal: sm, sn, ʃɲ, kn, xn
Obstruent + continuant: tf, df, sf
Obstruent + lateral: pl, bl, fl, sl, ʃʎ, kl, ɣl, xl
Obstruent + trill: pr, br, fr, tr, dr, sr, kr, ɣr, xr
Continuant + stop: sp, st, sk
Continuant + stop + lateral: spl
Continuant + stop + trill: spr, str, skr

Valid coda consonants:

Zero consonant
Consonant: m, n, p, t, t͡ʃ, k, f, s, ʃ, x, l, r
All consonant phonemes as geminates
Nasal + nasal: mn, ɲn, ŋn
Nasal + obstruent: mp, nt, nd, ns, ɲt͡ʃ, ɲʃ, ŋk
Obstruent + obstruent: sp, pt, ft, st, ʃt, kt, xt, ps, fs, ts, ks, xs, sk
Lateral + nasal: lm
Lateral + obstruent: lp, lt, ld, ʎt͡ʃ, lk, lf, ls, ʎʃ, lx
Trill + nasal: rm, rn
Trill + obstruent: rp, rf, rt, rd, rs, rt͡ʃ, rʃ, rk, rx
Trill + lateral: rl

Valid medial consonants:

All consonant onsets and codas above, excluding zero consonants
- If hiatus occurs, /j/ is inserted if the first vowel is front; if back, /ɣ/ is inserted.
Nasal + obstruent: mb
Lateral + obstruent: lb, lɣ
Trill + nasal: rŋ
Trill + obstruent: rb, rʝ, rɣ

All stressed syllables are inherently heavy - if there is no long vowel, the first consonant to follow is geminated. Neither long vowels nor geminates may occur in unstressed syllables.
Prosody
Like most other Germanic languages, the most common syllable to be stressed is the first (and often only) of a given word. Loanwords can follow different patterns, but a rule of thumb is that the syllable before the last consonant of a root is the one to be stressed.
Feedback Questions
Questions I personally have are:

For those familiar with the phonologies of older Germanic languages as well as Proto-Germanic, does the consonant system seem like a good "modern version" of that type of phonology?
Is it a good idea to leave all long vowels other than /ɑː,iː,uː/ as phonetic diphthongs? Would it take a short time before the diphthong allophones become phonemes of their own, or would they remain stable?
I'm fairly comfortable with /ʝ/ devoicing and spirantizing to /ʃ/ word-finally because there are direct attestations of such final-obstruent devoicing, but is it plausible for /d/ to similarly go to /s/?
Does anybody have a resource that consistently gives phonemic transcriptions of Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish words, especially regarding pitch-accent/stod?

Orthography & History

Erish is written with the standard 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and the additional letters þ, æ, and œ. Unfortunately, pronunciation cannot be succinctly described for Hamnstead Erish because the orthography is fairly etymological, essentially reflecting the pronunciation of Old Erish with a few simplifications and updates. It is, though, fairly regular, and the hope of Jugar Raskson, the father of modern Erish orthography, was that the written language would let as many people as possible derive their own pronunciation from the spelling.
Goals
Erish orthography is essentially fighting two battles: the battle to modernize spelling and keep the rules as regular as possible, and the battle to keep important cultural and religious texts from the Old Erish period as intelligible as possible. I've looked at Icelandic and Faroese for inspiration, but also incorporated principles from languages with less orthographic depth.

As will be seen, Erish orthography is more than willing to keep native spellings a millennium old. It is less concerned about loanwords, which may be mangled to keep regularity.
With no small amount of resistance from traditionalists, many old graphemes have either been dropped or restricted in usage. Joches "horses", for example, used to be spelled johves.
The use of the letter k for /k,t͡ʃ/ is actually fairly recent; the traditional letter in Erish was c, and this is still seen in the basic long forms of k, g, and h being ck, cg, and ch.
- Similarly, the use of w is a modernism; v was used for both itself and w, and this is still seen in the spellings of Cv clusters.
Erish tries as much as it can to avoid diacritics and special characters, so it makes use of every letter of the Latin alphabet as a regular part of its orthography.
- The accented vowels are there because digraphed vowels would suggest vowels in hiatus or perhaps even long vowels.
- The letters æ and œ are used along with þ more or less out of in-universe tradition.

Vowels
The following table presents the pronunciation of vowel graphemes in Erish. Note that the "jV" digraphs are only pronounced in this way if the j is word-initial or can soften a preceding consonant:

Letter(s)	a	e, í, eì, aì	i	o, á, ú, aù, où	u, ó	y	æ, já	œ, jó, jú, ý, oì, eù
Short	/ɑ/	/ɛ/	/ɪ/	/ɔ/	/ʊ/	/ʏ/	/æ/	/œ/
Long	/ɑː/	/eː/	/iː/	/oː/	/uː/	/yː/	/æː/	/øː/

The long vowels are only used if the vowel is stressed and followed by no more than a single consonant; when there is a long vowel before multiple consonants, an apostrophe is inserted after the first consonant, as in gód't "good (n.)" /ˈɣuːst/. In all other cases, the short vowels are used.
- Several common grammatical words are pronounced in common speech with a short vowel, such as jis "ye" [jɪs], mostly because they are unstressed.
The grave accented letters ì and ù are used to represent the second element of potential diphthongs in Erish dialects that arose from loanwords. In Hamnstead Erish, they are simply (phonemically) monophthongs.
Because it is impossible for vowels to stand in hiatus, any sequence where two vowels stand in hiatus, such as fríen "free" /ˈfreːʝɛn/, is treated as though a g stood between the two vowels.
The accented letters correspond to Old Erish /aː,iː,oː,uː,yː/, which shifted during the Middle Erish period. In the Hamnstead dialect, /aː,oː/ shifted to /ɔ~oː,ʊ~uː/.
- /iː,uː,yː/ merged with the Old Erish diphthongs /ɛi̯,ɔu̯,œy̯/, and then later monophthongized to /ɛ~eː,ɔ~oː,œ~øː/
- The demonstrative pronouns zó "this, that (f.)", zád "this, that (n.)", zós "these, those (f.)", zóm "these, those (dat.)" are written with acute accents, but their sound value is that of the unaccented letter. This is done to distinguish them from the definite article.
The Old Erish glides /jaː,joː,juː/ became /æː,øː,yː/, so long as the /j/ didn't palatalize the preceding consonant and wasn't word-initial; this /yː/ would go through the process described above,

Consonants
To keep Erish consonants simple, and as allophony has already been covered, their transcription here is phonemic. In educational materials for Erish, consonants are generally divided into four groups, plain, strong, weak, and the letter g, which are grouped based on whether and how they can soften.
Basic rules about consonants include:

Consonants are long if they are not word-initial, and they are doubled, their grapheme is composed of more than one letter, or they precede another consonant without an intervening apostrophe.
- The one exception is qu, which is treated like a short consonant for both consonant and vowel length.
Several consonants can also become fricatives word-finally if they are short.
Before another d, s, t, frication may also occur, with the resulting consonant, in line with pronunciation rules, being long or short.

Plain consonants
Plain consonants are so-called because they cannot soften under any circumstances.

Letter(s)	Hard	Fricative
b	/b/ binde "to bind" /ˈbɪnːdɛ/	/f/ lab "lab(oratory)" /ˈlɑːf/
f	/f/ faþer "father" /ˈfɑːsɛ
m	/m/ móte "must" /ˈmuːtɛ/
ng	/ŋ/ wing "wing" /ˈɣɪŋː/
p	/p/ pá "on" /ˈpoː/
r	/ rotte "rat" /ˈrɔtːɛ/
v	/b/ virus "virus" /ˈbiːrʊs/	/f/ livte "lived" /ˈlɪfːtɛ/

V may also represent /f/ after a consonant, such as in tves "two" /ˈtfeːs/, as least in Hamnstead Erish. Erish dialects generally vary between this v representing /f/, /w/ (the original Old Erish value), or /x/.
- V otherwise reflects non-initial instances of Old Erish /f/, which was realized as [v], and later became its own phoneme. When /b/ began to be lenited to [β] around the 1700s, this facilitated the merger of /v/ with /b/ (as well as the shift of /f/ to [ɸ]).

Strong consonants
Strong consonants are "strong" enough it takes a j or z to soften them. Because strong consonants are long when softened and non-initial, they lack soft fricative forms. They include the coronal consonants which got palatalized to retroflex consonants, though z was retroflex for most of Erish history. The retroflex spellings tend not to occur in modern loanwords unless Henskland adopts a retroflex form; it's the only Land left that hasn't merged the retroflex consonants with the palatals.

Letter(s)	Hard	Soft	Fricative
d	/d/ dœr "door" /ˈdøː	/ʝ/ bedje "to ask" /ˈbɛʝːɛ/	/s/ sæd "seed" /ˈsæːs/
l	/l/ láte "to let" /ˈloːtɛ/	/ʎ/ ljúht "light" /ˈʎɔxːt/
n	/n/ naht "night" /ˈnɑxːt/	/ɲ/ hænje "to hang" /ˈʃæɲːɛ/
s	/s/ synge "to sing" /ˈsʏŋːɛ/	/ʃ/ sjelv "self" /ˈʃɛlːf/
st	/st/ stóren "big" /ˈstuːrɛn/	/ʃ/ stjarne "star" /ˈʃɑrːnɛ/
t	/t/ sten "stone" /ˈsteːn/	/t͡ʃ/ sitje "to sit" /ˈsɪt͡ʃːɛ/
z	/ʃ/ meze "more" /ˈmeːʃɛ/
þ	/s/ þing "thing" /ˈsɪŋː/	/ʃ/ þjúv "thief" /ˈʃoːf/

In the definite article -ed as well as core grammatical words like ged "it" /ˈʝeː/, zad "the; that (n.)" /ˈʃɑː/, and gvad "what" /ˈɣɑː/, d is silent.
D does not fricate after l or r, as in hald "hold (imp.)" /ˈxɑlːd/ and gard "farm" /ˈɣɑrːs/, but does after t, as in wlet'de "searched" /ˈɣleːstɛ/
The use of j or z for softening strong consonants is largely predictable.
- J is only used at the beginning of words, whilst z is normally used word-medially.
- Word-medial palatalizing j is an indication that the verb - and it is always a verb - has an irregular conjugation that involves hardening (depalatalization).
  - J, however, is always used after l or n; lz and nz indicate /ʎʃ,ɲʃ/
Lj and nj can only soften initially if they are word-initial, or part of the onsets hlj, hnj, slj, or snj.
Before k, n is pronounced /ŋ/, as in tank "tank (container)" /ˈtaŋːk/
- Before c, sk, tz, or z, it is pronounced as /ɲ/ as in lunc "lunch" /ˈlʊɲːt͡ʃ/
S softens before lj and nj to /ʃ/, such as in snjó "snow" /ˈʃɲuː/
T fricates before d, tt, or apostrophized t, as in hlot'de "allotted" /ˈxloːstɛ/
Z reflects Old Erish /ʂ/, which was the main reflex of Proto-Germanic *z in Old Erish (some earlier instances did get devoiced to /s/ instead).
- /z/ never occurred word-initially in Proto-Germanic, but it did in Old Erish, such as in zat "the; that (n.)" (whence modern Erish zad). This developed from some instances where a weakly stressed /θ/ got voiced to [ð], which soon assibilated to /z/, which later devoiced to /ʂ/.
Þ reflects Old Erish /s/, the main reflex of Proto-Germanic *þ in Old Erish. Around the late 900s, the original dental fricative /θ/ assibilated to /s/, but remained contrastive with /s̺/, the reflex of Proto-Germanic *s. Although this contrast was lost by the 1400s, it is still reflected in Erish orthography.

Weak consonants
Weak consonants are "weak" enough that vowels can soften them in addition to j; in instances where a soft pronunciation is used, it is either because a hard letter is used, or because there is a v "shielding" them. They include the reflexes of the Old Erish velar consonants /x,k,sk/, as well as the labiovelars /xʷ,kʷ,skʷ/. The basic principle governing their softening is that they do so before certain vowels initially, and after other vowels elsewhere. If neither of these conditions are met, they use a hard pronunciation. It is to be noted that, barring one exception, acute accented letters have the same effects as their unaccented counterparts, and so they are not treated seperately here (grave accented vowels never soften a consonant).

Letter(s)	Conditions or example	Softens initially	Softens elsewhere	Hard
h (short), ch (long)	Conditions	to /ʃ/ before e, i, y, æ, œ	to /ʃ/ after e, i, y, æ, œ	/x/ in all other conditions
	Examples	himmel "sky" /ˈʃɪmːɛl/	reht "justice" /ˈrɛʃːt/	hús "house" /ˈxoːs/
k (short), ck (long)	Conditions	to /t͡ʃ/ before e, i, y, æ, œ	to /t͡ʃ/ after i, y	/k/ in all other conditions
	Examples	kyng "king" /ˈt͡ʃʏŋː/	rík "realm" /ˈreːt͡ʃ/	bók "book" /ˈbuːk/
sk (short and long)	Conditions	to /ʃ/ before e, i, y, æ, œ	to /ʃ/ after a (not á), e, i, y, æ, œ, or a consonant	/sk/ in all other conditions
	Examples	skíne "to shine" /ˈʃeːnɛ/	fisk "fish" /ˈfɪʃː/	busk "bush" /ˈbʊsːk/

The use of h to represent /ʃ/ is more or less confined to native Erish vocabulary. Sk is far more common in loanwords.
Similarly to s, h may also soften before lj and nj, as in hnjóse "to sneeze" /ˈʃɲuːse/
Soft non-initial k is confined to native Erish vocabulary, as Eastern dialects failed to palatalize it in those conditions. Instead, c and zk are used in loanwords.
The behavior of sk palatalizing after a but not á is because sk palatalized non-initially unless a back vowel preceded (or, technically, followed). Though in Old Erish they were phonemically /a,aː/, /a/ was not a back vowel (most likely being [ä]), but /aː/ was, being either [ɒː] or [ɔː].

Erish used to be far more inconsistent in representing when exceptions to these conditions occurred, but modern spelling is extremely regular in this regard. Soft consonants in instances where a hard consonant is expected are represented in different ways depending upon if they are initial, non-initial and short, or non-initial and long.

Desired soft consonant	Location and length	Grapheme(s)	Example
h /ʃ/	Initial	hj	hjarte "heart" /ˈʃɑrːtɛ/
	Non-initial and short	N/A
	Non-initial and long	hj (singular instance)	hlæhje "to laugh" /ˈxlæʃːɛ/
k /t͡ʃ/	Initial	kj	kjúe "to chew" /ˈt͡ʃoːɣɛ/
	Non-initial and short	c	koc "coach" /ˈkoːt͡ʃ/
	Non-initial and long	zk, rarely kj	þækje "to think" /ˈsæt͡ʃːɛ/
sk /ʃ/	Initial	skj	skjá "cloud" /ˈʃoː/
	Non-initial and short	N/A
	Non-initial and long	sc	broscyre "brochure" /ˈbrɔʃːʏ

The use of non-initial hj, kj is, similar to the strong consonants, a signal that the verb's conjugation is irregular and involves hardening.
Hj is an etymological grapheme that mostly occurs in native Erish vocabulary. Hlæhje "to laugh", is the only example in Erish of a non-initial hj.

Hard consonants are represented with similar treatments, with the grapheme depending upon whether the instance is word-initial, non-initial and short, or non-initial and long:

Desired hard consonant	Location and length	Grapheme(s)	Example
h /x/	Initial	hv	hvint "hint" /ˈxɪnːt/
	Non-initial and short	x	exo "echo" /ˈeːxɔ/
	Non-initial and long	hh, rarely hv	sehve "to see" /ˈsɛxːɛ/
k /k/	Initial	qu	quinne "woman" /ˈkɪnːɛ/
	Non-initial and short	qu	kliqu "clique" /ˈkliːk/
	Non-initial and long	kk, rarely kv	republikk "republic" /rɛpʊbˈlɪkː/
sk /sk/	Initial	squ	squeìt "(ice/roller) skate" /ˈskeːt/
	Non-initial and short	N/A
	Non-initial and long	squ	fresque "fresco" /ˈɸrɛsːkɛ/

Hv is irregularly used before a in native Erish vocabulary, such as in hval "whale" /ˈxɑːl/
Medial hv, kv have similar uses to the consonant plus j digraphs, indicating that the verb's conjugation is irregular and may result in softening.
The hv, kv, qu spellings are rooted in how Old Erish, in contrast to the rest of the West Germanic languages, never resolved labiovelars into /Kw/ sequences. Instead, these were preserved into Old Erish, and failed to palatalize. When they were lost as phonemes, they simply delabialized from /Kʷ/ to /K/, helping phonemicize the palatal allophones.

G-Consonants
The letter g is not the only consonant grapheme of the last group of Erish consonants, but the set is essentially used to indicate hardness and softness not unlike h, k, and sk. It is grouped by itself because it represents six phonemes and has less consistency in which graphemes are used to represent hardness and softness for those phonemes. In principle, g is just the voiced counter part to h, k, and sk, with the addendum that before nasals it has a nasal pronunciation that can be hard or soft; the fricativization it experiences is expectable because it is voiced.

Letter(s)	Conditions or example	Softens initially	Softens elsewhere	Hard
g (short), cg (long)	Regular conditions	to /ʝ/ before e, i, y, æ, or œ, and another vowel	to /ʝ/ after e, i, y, æ, or œ, and another vowel	/ɣ/ in all other regular conditions
	Regular examples	gæst "guest" /ˈʝæsːt/	weges "ways" /ˈɣeːʝɛs/	gá "to go" /ˈɣoː/
	Fricative conditions	N/A	to /ʃ/ between the vowels e, i, y, æ, and œ, and the end of a word or the consonants d, s, or t	to /x/ between all other vowels or l or r, and the end of a word or the consonants d, s, or t
	Fricative examples	N/A	ig "I" /ˈiːʃ/	dag "day" /ˈdɑːx/
	Nasal conditions	N/A	to /ɲ/ between the vowels e, i, y, æ, and œ, and n	to /ŋ/ between all other vowels or l or r, and n
	Nasal examples	N/A	regn "rain" /ˈrɛɲːn/	Ragnar /ˈraŋːnɑ

cg softens only if there is a preceding i or y, similar to k and ck.

Ideally, g should have a regular distribution of "soft in hard contexts" graphemes and "hard in soft contexts" graphemes, but the reality is that etymology means different graphemes are used in what should be regular contexts. Nonetheless, there aren't so many graphemes in use:

Desired consonants	Location and length	Grapheme(s)	Example
Soft g (/ʝ/, /ʃ/, /ɲ/)	Initial	j, gj (less common)	jorþ "earth" /ˈʝɔrːs/, gjos "they (f.)" /ˈʝoːs/
	Non-initial and short	j	garaj "garage" /ɣaˈrɑːʃ/
	Non-initial and long	zg, gj (rare)	brizg "bridge (game)" /ˈbrɪʝː/
Hard g (/ɣ/, /x/, /ŋ/)	Initial	w, gv	gvad "what" /ˈɣɑː/, west "west" /ˈɣɛsːt/
	Non-initial and short	w	intriw "intrigue" /ɪnˈtriːx/
	Non-initial and long	gg	rigg "rig" /ˈrɪɣː/

Gj is mostly confined to native Erish vocabulary, and is not particularly common initially, and even more so non-initially. As with other Cj graphemes, non-initial gj indicates irregular conjugation.
J is the main grapheme for representing soft-g in hard contexts, and g for representing regular soft-g, but there exceptions like Jesu "Jesus".
In native Erish vocabulary, gv is restricted to wh-words such as gvad "what", but it is regularly used in loanwords when the donor language has g, such as gverilja "guerrilla" /ɣɛˈrɪʎːa/.
- The wh-words in Erish were originally /xʷ/, but underwent the same vocalization as the third-person and demonstrative pronouns, making Old Erish have /ɣʷ/ as a marginal phoneme, until it delabialized during Middle Erish.
W is the main consonant used to represent initial hard-g in native Erish vocabulary, and is more rare with loanwords. However, it is mandatory in non-initial, short contexts, much like j.
- W was originally /w/ in Old Erish. It merged with /ɣ/ as a consequence of the fricative leniting to an approximant, effectively making /w/ first merge with /ɣʷ/, and then delabialize /ɣ/.
Similar to the situation with k, long /ɣː/ failed to palatalize in Eastern dialects, and so zg is used, even though the grapheme is redundant in Hamnstead Erish.

Feedback Questions
Questions I personally have are:

Does the type of spelling I have decently blend etymological orthographies like Icelandic and more phonemic ones? I recognize this is more an aesthetic question, but I'm interested in opinions.
- One area I wonder about in particular is whether j and w should be used for representing non-initial /ʝ/ and /ɣ/. In my mind, they make sense since they are representing approximants, but w strikes me as rather... odd.
Do the phonological developments seem like a good mixture of sharing some of the innovations that occurred in Norwegian and Swedish and Erish following its own path?
I know a sibilant like [ʐ] (the likely realization of Proto-West Germanic *z, if not Proto-Germanic *z) devoicing to /ʂ/ isn't abnormal. However, given how universal the change of /z/ to / was throughout the surviving Germanic languages, how plausible is it to have Erish do this?

Resources

This last section is dedicated to the resources I think have been most useful in the creation of Erish, and that are valuable to people looking to make a Germanic language, or even a conlang in general. I'm certain some of these sources will be familiar to many members of this sub, but they're there for those to whom they aren't:

Agee, A Glottometric Subgrouping of the Early Germanic Languages - This thesis provides a pretty good overview of how the Germanic languages developed at their earliest stages after Proto-Germanic. Even if you're not trying to make a Germanic language, I can't imagine that this wouldn't give you at least some ideas.
Index Diachronica - Index Diachronica is a good site in concept and mostly in implementation. If you want to search for a general to sometimes comprehensive idea of the phonological histories of languages, or how certain phonemes tend to change over time, this is a good place to stop by.
- I got a history of Proto-Norse to Old West Norse here, although I wound up having to directly go and sift through the """""human-readable""""" source because ID wasn't clear at times (and apparently misinterpreting at points). That's the major problem with ID - its sources or interpretation of those sources may be "sketch" or incomplete, to say the least.
Jackson Crawford - It's one thing to read internet articles, or even textbooks about old Germanic languages. It's another to have some sort of access on demand to somebody who can actually explain to laypeople an old Germanic language, much less its culture. I cannot recommend his channel enough as a starting and reference point for somebody interested in Germanic conlanging, especially if you're going for a (sort-of-)North Germanic language.
Ringe, A Linguistic History of English, vols. 1 & 2 - If you are looking for information about old Germanic languages, these are some of the best materials to look through for vocabulary, morphology, and phonology. Erish would not exist as it does without Ringe's reconstruction of Proto-West Germanic in Vol. 2, much less the far more consistent account of the phonological history of Northwest and West Germanic than is available on Wikipedia.
Simon Roper - Though I can't say Simon has been as much a resource for me as Dr. Crawford - and as Simon himself acknowledges, his field is archaeology, not linguistics - he still provides good material about the phonological history of English, and information about Old English.
Wikipedia - Wikipedia has articles about all manner of languages and their phonology, grammar, vocabulary, orthography, and so on (much less articles about those in and of themselves). Although obviously I've mainly relied on Germanic languages, I would be remiss to say that one should look exclusively at a particular family. Case in point, /d,ʝ/ devoicing and spirantizing to /s,ʃ/ was a feature inspired by Nahuatl.
Wiktionary - Wiktionary has multiple features which are extremely useful. Beyond a Proto-Germanic category and Germanic Swadesh list appendix, Wiktionary has an immensely handy feature where translations are often provided through individual senses of English words - anybody wanting to reduce relexing should take note.

Conclusion

It's been a long post, so I won't take up so much more space. Seeing as how it's a common enough translation in initial posts, though, I would like to provide the Lord's Prayer in Erish:
Written Erish:

Faþern osren, Hlárden gwen bez í Hjomn,
Be namen zín werþe heligende;
Be ríked zítt kome;
Be wiljo zí skehe pá jorþo zí som í Hjomn;
Be geve til oss í dag ossert daglige brod,
end forláte oss skuldostos osros sá som wid forláte osros skuldos;
End be bringe ick pá oss í fresnos, men frælse pá oss frá yvel.
Zítt bez ríked, end mahten end ero í œighedo.
Amen.

Hamnstead Erish pronunciation:

[ˈɸɑːs̪ɐn ˌɔs̪ɾn̩ ˈxl̥ɔrːd̪n̩ ɰn̩ bəʃ ˌɛɪ̯ ˈʃɔmːn]
[ˈbɛɪ̯ː ˈnɑːmn̩ ˌʃɛɪ̯n ˌɰɛɾs̪ə ˈʃɛɪ̯ːlɪjn̪̩d̪ə]
[ˈbɛɪ̯ː ˈrɛɪ̯ːt͡ʃə ˌʃɛt̪ ˈkʷʰoːmə]
[ˈbɛɪ̯ː ˈɰɪʎ̟ːɔ ˌʃɛɪ̯ ˈʃɛɪ̯ːʃə ˌpɔʊ̯ ˈjʷɔrːs̪ə ˌʃɛɪ̯ s̪ɔm ˌɛɪ̯ ˈʃɔmːn]
[ˈbɛɪ̯ː ˈjɛɪ̯ːβ̞ə ˌt̪il ˌɔs̪ ˌɛɪ̯ ˈd̪ɑːx ˌɔs̪ɐt̪ ˈd̪ɑːxˌlijə ˈbɾoːs̪]
[n̪̩d̪ ɸɔɾˈlɔʊ̯t̪ə ˌɔs̪ ˈs̪kʷʊl̪ːd̪ɔs̪t̪ɔs̪ ˌɔs̪ɾɔs̪ ˌs̪ɔʊ̯ s̪ɔm ˌɰi ˈɔs̪ːɾɔs̪ ˈskʷʊl̪ːd̪ɔs̪]
[n̪̩d̪ ˈbɛɪ̯ː ˈbɾɪŋːə ˌɪt͡ʃ pɔ ˌɔs̪ ˌɛɪ̯ ˈɸɾ̥eːs̪ˌnɔʊ̯s̪ mn̩ ˈɸɾ̥æl̪ːs̪ə pɔ ˌɔs̪ ˌɸɾ̥ɔʊ̯ ˈyʉ̯ːβ̞l̩]
[ˌʃɛt̪ bəʃ ˈrɛɪ̯ːt͡ʃə n̪̩d̪ ˈmɑxːt̪n̩ n̪̩d̪ ˈɛɪ̯ːɾɔ ˌɛɪ̯ ˈœʏ̯ːˌjiˌʃːɛɪ̯s̪ɔ]
[ˈɑːmɛ̠n]

Gloss:

father-the.m.sg our.incl-m.sg lord-the.m.sg who.m.sg.dir be.fut.sg in Heaven
be.fut.sbjv name-the.m.sg thy.m.sg become-inf sanctify-ptcp.prs.m.sg
be.fut.sbjv realm-the.n.sg thy.n.sg come-inf
be.fut.sbjv will-the.f.sg thy.f.sg happen-inf on earth-the.f.sg thy.f.sg as in Heaven
be.fut.sbjv give-inf to us.incl.dat in day our.incl-n.sg daily-def.n.sg bread
and forgive-inf us.incl.dat guilt-the.f.pl our.incl-f.pl so as we.excl forgive-inf our.incl-f.pl guilt-pl
and be.fut.sbjv bring-inf not acc us.incl.acc in temptation but free-inf acc us.incl.acc from evil
thine be.fut.sg realm-the.n.sg and power-the.m.sg and glory-the.f.sg in eternity-the.f.sg
amen

English translation:

Our father, the Lord who will always be in Heaven,
May it always be that thy name sanctifies itself;
May it always be that thy kingdom comes;
May it always be that thy will comes upon your Earth as in Heaven;
May it always be that thou givest us our daily bread,
and forgive our guilts for us, as we forgive our guilts;
And may it always be that thou dost not bring us into temptation but free us from evil.
Thine will always be the kingdom, and the power and the glory in eternity.
Amen.

Notes about the translation:

In essence, bez in this Prayer is used for "(will always) be...", and be for "(may it always be that)...". Bez and be are the future tense forms of weze ("to be") (the only verb with them), but this tense is often gnomic, indicating a timelessness and fundamental-fact-of-the-universeness.
- Be is used here as a relic subjunctive with optative mood. In Erish, it is often used in prayers - Christian, Ardist (the native Erish religion), or otherwise - as a sort of "polite asking".
Hjomn "(Christian) Heaven" in lines 1 and 4 is, similar to many Erish terms relating to Christianity, a loanword from Old Anglic (English) heofon, and is a doublet of Erish himmel ("sky")
Werþe heligende (lit. "become sanctifying") in line 2 is an analytic mediopassive voice construction, similar in function to the -s suffix of North Germanic languages.
When the consistently inclusive "we" (Christians and non-Christians) throughout the prayer changes to the exclusive wid in line 6, it indicates that Christians forgive everybody's guilts.
- Christianity never really took off in Erishland beyond the Allamunnic minority, and "wasn't particularly cared for" until recently.
Pá "(up)on" is used here as a direct object marker for "us" in line 7. In Erish, pá is used for animate direct objects.

Introduction
This is my first conlang, so I'm definitely open for any constructive criticism you may have. This language is very heavily based on Latvian, a Baltic language, to the point where I'm not sure if it's a true conlang or a cypher—there are a few differences, but they're fairly minor. My major goal with this language was to create a functioning language for the major setting of my high fantasy story and to give proper etymologies and meanings for the names I've been coming up with. Because I'm new to this business, I leant very heavily on the language it's based off for knowing what to do.
Ārevsarāšu kūrunali is the language of Ārevsarāšu Veli, the Land of the Strivers, the northernmost country in the continent of Tāresķaraūrā Veli, which is populated solely by elves and dwarves. The language is very rigid, with an almost anal-retentive emphasis on correct pronunciation, especially of vowels, and spelling. This reflects the culture of its native speakers, who are infamously perfectionistic to the point where it's the defining feature of their way of life. I believe it's a synthetic language, but I'm not entirely familiar with the concept and can't be sure. It is also somewhat tonal, with vowels being assigned tones that can change the meaning of a word, but again, as this is a concept I'm not familiar with, I may end up dropping it.
Alphabet
Ārevsarāšu kūrunali has its own alphabet, but for the purposes of Romanisation, I use the Latvian alphabet, like so (a few letters, notably F, H, O, and Ž, are missing):
A Ā B C Č D E Ē G Ģ I Ī J K Ķ L Ļ M N Ņ P R S Š T U Ū V Z
a ā b c č d e ē g ģ i ī j k ķ l ļ m n ņ p r s š t u ū v z
The most common combinations in the alphabet, such as the nominative endings for the six declensions, get their own letters. Special diacritics include an equivalent to the macron, cedilla, and caron, as well as an inversion of the diaeresis—that is, a character that is used to mark a diphthong, rather than a vowel pronounced separately. This is because hiatus is the norm in Ārevsarāšu kūrunali, to the point where diphthongs are non-existent except in certain border dialects.
Phonology
Consonants

	Labial	Dental/Alveolar	Palatal/Post-alveolar	Velar
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Stop	p b	t d	c ɟ	k g
Affricate		t͡s d͡z	t͡ʃ
Fricative	v	s z	ʃ
Central approximant			j
Lateral approximant		l	ʎ
Trill		r

Certain notes are as follows (all ripped straight from Latvian, most particularly its Wikipedia page, though some of the fourth point is from my imagination):

[ŋ] only appears as an allophone of nasal consonants prior to /k/ and /g/.
Plosives are not aspirated.
/n t d t͡s d͡z s z/ are denti-alveolar, while /l are alveolar.
Vocal assimilation is uncommon among the educated and the nobility due to the rigid, highly particular standard of pronunciation common across Ārevsarāšu Veli. It is more present in 'common' speech and border dialects, however; in this case, voiced and voiceless consonants assimilate to the next consonant, e.g. /p/ → /b/ next to /g/. Single voiced consonants are not devoiced word-finally in educated speech but can be in common speech.
Doubled consonants and plosives and fricatives between short vowels are pronounced longer, with the exception of /l/, which is substituted for /ʎ/. zs is pronounced as /sː/, and šs as /ʃː/. When /t/ and /s/ are put together, they are replaced with /c/ (which is pronounced like 'ds' in 'lids').
The proto-language contained a palatalised dental trill, /rʲ/, but this has long since fallen out of usage and is no longer part of the alphabet.

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	Short	Long	Short	Long	Short	Long
Close	i	iː			u	uː
Mid	e	eː
Open	æ	æː	a	aː

As mentioned, the language utterly lacks diphthongs, except in the more rapid common speech and border dialects influenced by neighbouring languages, and even these are uncommon and not held to be an official part of the language. Diaeresis is the norm. However, the same vowel does not occur twice in a row except in diminutives (e.g. 'Iriis' from Irialis).
Vowel length is phonemic—a slight change in length can change the whole meaning of a word.

Pitch accent, syllables, and stress

The language has fixed initial and fixed penultimate stress, though stress tends to be more variable in border dialects, especially on the border with Erūndsarāšu Veli, a neighbouring rival nation. One of the major dialects has fixed stress on the second syllable, which is so at odds with the standard version of the language that it easily identifies people from the dialect's region.
Regardless of their position in a word, long vowels take a tone in the standard language. The three tones are level (high throughout the syllable), falling (brief rise followed by a long fall), and broken (rising tone followed by falling, with a brief interruption). In other dialects, the tones have merged in various ways. Again, this isn't a concept I totally understand, so I might end up dropping it from the language.
Syllables can follow a pattern of (C)(C)(V)(C), with a max of two consonants before a vowel. It is, however, common to see words with a regular alternation of vowels and consonants, e.g. the names Aleris and Vanalani. Some words, such as gesm ('to live', infinitive), have two consonants to a syllable, but these are rare. Two vowels can regularly be found next to each other. (Note: I don't know if that's how you write syllable patterns, but I hope I've made it clear.)

Other Phonology

I haven't worked it all out yet, as I'm not familiar with this area. As mentioned above /t/ and /s/ become /c/ when a word starting in /s/ is attached to a word ending in /t/. The / is also dropped next to /aː/ when it's in the same syllable (this was mostly a stylistic thing to keep my words from being one letter away from 'arse'). /l/ becomes /ʎ/ in situations where it would be doubled.
The language does have some palatalisation and iotation, but it's not as prominent as in Latvian—again, I'm not familiar with the topic. Rigid standards of language ensure that there isn't as much change in the 'standard' speech as there is in other languages, and careful enunciation is the mark of a noble, scholar, or priest (the common tongue and border dialects more flexible).

Grammar
Word order
Word order is relatively free, but is most commonly SVO. Due to the complexity of adjectives and their use in determining definiteness and indefiniteness, they always come before the noun.
Nouns, Cases, and Declensions
Ārevsarāšu kūrunali has two genders, masculine and feminine, six declensions, and seven noun cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, instrumental, vocative. (The instrumental case is no longer really a 'thing' in Latvian, but I chose to make it a thing here due to the Ārevsarāšu's culture. Most notably, the actions of slaves are always described in the instrumental case, e.g. "I got my slave to do this," not, "My slave did this.")
The first three declensions are masculine, the next three are feminine. Their endings are, respectively: -is, -ūs, -es, -i, -ā, and -e.
https://preview.redd.it/skohr2o37su41.png?width=1557&format=png&auto=webp&s=0860bdf6e80863f973d26d3bb57e025150a1938b
Pronouns
Pronouns are a fairly different business due to being derived from archaic words no longer present in the language. Nominative pronouns have an informal and formal variant; the former is used with family and close friends, the latter with social superiors, strangers, and acquaintances. Formal pronouns are also used in songs and stories.
1st, 2nd, and reflexive pronouns have no gender distinction and irregular declensions.
https://preview.redd.it/85oofqb67su41.png?width=1516&format=png&auto=webp&s=d5e6217cbb32ee1ee492e20eb179561343a29d26
Possessive pronouns take the same endings as the first and fourth declensions, depending on gender. Other pronouns, such as cins/cini (such), take regular indefinite adjectival declensions. (This, that, who, and the intensifier have their own forms as well, but I'm trying to save space here.)
Adjectives
Adjectives are important, as the language lacks articles by which to express definiteness or indefiniteness. This is instead marked on the adjectives. Adjectives agree with the nouns in case, number, and gender. Indefinite adjectives are declined like the 1st and 4th declensions and are not used in the vocative case, while definite adjectives are constructed from the same archaic pronouns that form the modern 1st and 2nd person pronouns, modified to take the endings of the 3rd and 5th declensions. (The latter can be seen in the table below.)
The stem of an adjective is quite simple, often no more than two or three syllables, e.g. teres/tere, meaning 'high', and kērans/kērane, meaning 'free'. When the comparative is to be used, the suffix ķara, similar to English '-er', is added. This is followed by the indefinite or definite declension. If the superlative is to be used, then the prefix em is attached. A full adjective can be quite lengthy, for example: emtereķaraūrāni, meaning 'the highest'.

	Masc.		Fem.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nom.	-ūres	-ūlren	-ūrā	-ūrāni
Gen.	-sel	-rer	-sāša	-rāšu
Dat.	-cem	-came	-cāmai	-cāmei
Accus.	-keč	-keča	-kāču	-kāčun
Loc.	-nev	-elvu	-nāva	-nāvus
Instr.	-let	-dzec	-lāte	-dzācel
Voc.	-tued	-ķused/-kused	-tuādi	-ķādre/kādre

Verbs
Ārevsarāšu kūrunali has three tenses: past, present, and future; three compound perfect constructions: present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect; six moods: indicative, imperative, conditional, debitive, conjunctive, and quotative; and two voices: active and passive. The passive voice is formed from a combination of the auxiliary verb gēbe with the past passive participle.
There are three conjugation classes. In the first, the thematic vowel is absent in the present, past, and infinitive forms of the verb. In the second, the thematic vowel is retained throughout. This is divided into two subgroups: one for words with ē and e as thematic vowel, one for all other vowels. In the third, the thematic vowel is retained in the present and past.
An example conjugation table is presented below, albeit for the verb gesm, 'to be', which is irregularly conjugated. This was heavily based off a conjugation table on Wikipedia—I wasn't kidding when I said I wasn't sure if this is truly a conlang or just a cypher, so any advice would be appreciated!
https://preview.redd.it/pj7grt330su41.png?width=1459&format=png&auto=webp&s=af0f696749f16b08293f228820322248d443483d
Suffixes

-atūs: forms nouns meaning 'the practice or craft of', e.g. dičalatūs, 'slavery'.
-ces: forms abstract nouns, e.g. erielces, 'hope'.
-ēdes/-ēde: equivalent to '-y', added to nouns or adjectives to form adjectives meaning 'having' or 'characterised by' the original noun, e.g. emlirenēdesķaraūres, 'the stormiest', from lirenēdes.
-sāris/-sārā: forms agent nouns, e.g. ārevsāris, 'striver', and occupations. (The macron is shifted to the penultimate syllable in this case, so is not always on this particular 'a'.)
-silā: forms nouns corresponding to activity of original word, e.g. gēsilā, 'living'. Equivalent to '-ing' or '-tion'.

Other

Negation is expressed via mā, which is appended as a prefix (e.g. mādais, 'nothing', mātenūres, 'the profane', literally 'the impure') and also is the word for no. Conversely, the word for yes is zi.
Particles are under construction, but include aē (equivalent to 'oh', e.g. 'Aē ransārin!' means, 'Oh, gods!' and ece, meaning 'also, as well as, too'.
Names are fairly rigid; masculine names all end in -is and feminine names all end in -i; surnames are the same and change depending on the bearer's gender. Foreign names are assimilated to this system and rewritten to conform to the alphabet, so the dwarven names Esren and Kasara become Esrenis and Kasarai. Men receive patronymics, women matronymics. Slaves do not take surnames, but instead the name of their master. For example, Aleris Kālreil junis Kāvranil dičalūs would be in English Aleris, son of Kālreis, slave of Kāvranis.
Place names are determined based on geographic features for cities (e.g. Lirenešu Cēane, the City of Storms, is named for its near-constant storms) or defining qualities of the culture for nations (the Ārevsarāšu call their land Ārevsarāšu Veli, the Land of the Strivers, to themselves, Emtereķararāšu Ķelišu Veli, the Land of the Highest Ones, to everyone else; the rival nation Erūndsarāšu Veli is the Land of the Competitors—or Zelvenrešu Veli, the Land of the Corrupt).
Due to the tonal nature of the vowels, correct pronunciation is extremely important, and pronouncing a vowel too short or long is a fine way to be identified as an outsider and a good source of much humour.
Ārevsarāšu poetry is based around rhythm, assonance, and alliteration rather than rhyme.

Sample Sentence
I haven't made many verbs in my language yet, so I can't offer a very complicated sentence. I hope this will suffice. I've also never tried to gloss anything before, so please let me know how I did!
"Ķūrač ķūve Īlarānil Jārisanēsāris, neam ķūrač ķūve kēranis."
"I am the Restrainer of Magic, and I am free."
I-NOM.SG 1SG-am-PRES Magic-GEN Restrain-AG.NOM, and I-NOM.SG 1SG-am-PRES free-ADJ.
Conclusion
My God, that got long. As I said, I'd be more than happy to hear people's constructive criticism and to answer any questions you may have! I really want to make this a solid conlang, and I'm quite enjoying making it, so hit me with all your advice, please. And if you can suggest ways for me to take it a bit further from its roots in Latvian, I'd love to hear it.
Thanks a lot!

Conjugation and color (video) | Spectroscopy | Khan Academy

conjugated system can be divided into

conjugated system can be divided into - win

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Omnetics (my magic system)

Origins

Use

Proficiency

Unrestricted Omnetic Energy

Conductor conjugation

I made an evidence-based anti-vegan copypasta. Is there anything important missing?

Nutrition

Environment

Socioeconomics

Ethics

Philosophy

How would one evolve a non-constant morphosyntactic alignment?

Ærsk: The Phonology and Etymological Orthography of a Nordic West Germanic language

Phonology

Orthography & History

Resources

Conclusion

Introduction to Ārevsarāšu Kūrunali

conjugated system can be divided into video

conjugated system can be divided into top

The respiratory system in humans and other lung-breathing ...